Publication: X-ray nuclear activity in S^(4)G barred galaxies: no link between bar strength and co-occurrent supermassive black hole fueling
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2013-10-10
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Abstract
Stellar bars can lead to gas inflow toward the center of a galaxy and stimulate nuclear star formation. However, there is no compelling evidence on whether they also feed a central supermassive black hole: by measuring the fractions of barred active and inactive galaxies, previous studies have yielded conflicting results. In this paper, we aim to understand the lack of observational evidence for bar-driven active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity by studying a sample of 41 nearby (d < 35 Mpc) barred galaxies from the Spitzer Survey for Stellar Structure in Galaxies. We use Chandra observations to measure nuclear 2-10 keV X-ray luminosities and estimate Eddington ratios, together with Spitzer 3.6 μm imaging to quantify the strength of the stellar bar in two independent ways: (1) from its structure, as traced by its ellipticity and boxiness, and (2) from its gravitational torque Q_b , taken as the maximum ratio of the tangential force to the mean background radial force. In this way, rather than discretizing the presence of both stellar bars and nuclear activity, we are able to account for the continuum of bar strengths and degrees of AGN activity. We find nuclear X-ray sources in 31 out of 41 galaxies with median X-ray luminosity and Eddington ratio of L_X = 4.3 × 10^38 erg s^–1 and L_bol/L_Edd = 6.9 × 10^–6, respectively, consistent with low-luminosity AGN activity. Including upper limits for those galaxies without nuclear detections, we find no significant correlation between any of the bar strength indicators and the degree of nuclear activity, irrespective of galaxy luminosity, stellar mass, Hubble type, or bulge size. Strong bars do not favor brighter or more efficient nuclear activity, implying that at least for the low-luminosity regime, supermassive black hole fueling is not closely connected to large-scale features.
Description
© 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Artículo firmado por 26 autores. M.C. thanks Professor Ron Buta for providing morphological classifications for the sample, and the anonymous referee for useful suggestions. D. A. G. thanks Michael West for useful discussions. E. A. and A. B. acknowledge the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, France) for financial support. We acknowledge financial support to the DAGAL network from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement number PITN-GA-2011-289313. This work was co-funded under the Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission (FP7-COFUND). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This research is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, and makes use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), both of which are operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyonl.fr). This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.
UCM subjects
Unesco subjects
Keywords
Citation
Abraham, R. G., Merrifield, M. R., Ellis, R. S., Tanvir, N. R., & Brinchmann, J. 1999, MNRAS, 308, 569
Aguerri, J. A. L. 1999, A&A, 351, 43
Alonso, M. S., Coldwell, G., & Lambas, D. G. 2013, A&A, 549, A141
Araya Salvo, C., Mathur, S., Ghosh, H., Fiore, F., & Ferrarese, L. 2012, ApJ, 757, 179
Arnaud, K. A. 1996, in ASP Conf. Ser. 101, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, ed. G. H. Jacoby & J. Barnes (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 17
Arsenault, R. 1989, A&A, 217, 66
Athanassoula, E. 1992a, MNRAS, 259, 328
Athanassoula, E. 1992b, MNRAS, 259, 345
Athanassoula, E. 2002, ApJL, 569, L83
Athanassoula, E. 2012, arXiv:1211.6752
Athanassoula, E., Lambert, J. C., & Dehnen, W. 2005, MNRAS, 363, 496
Athanassoula, E., Machado, R. E. G., & Rodionov, S. A. 2013, MNRAS, 429, 1949
Athanassoula, E., & Misiriotis, A. 2002, MNRAS, 330, 35
Athanassoula, E., Morin, S., Wozniak, H., et al. 1990, MNRAS, 245, 130
Atkinson, J. W., Collett, J. L., Marconi, A., et al. 2005, MNRAS, 359, 504
Bennert, V. N., Auger, M. W., Treu, T., Woo, J.-H., & Malkan, M. A. 2011, ApJ, 742, 107
Berentzen, I., Shlosman, I., Martínez Valpuesta, I., & Heller, C. H. 2007, ApJ, 666, 189
Bournaud, F., Combes, F., & Semelin, B. 2005, MNRAS, 364, L18
Buta, R., & Block, D. L. 2001, ApJ, 550, 243
Buta, R., Laurikainen, E., & Salo, H. 2004, AJ, 127, 279
Buta, R. J., Sheth, K., Regan, M., et al. 2010, ApJS, 190, 147
Cisternas, M., Jahnke, K., Bongiorno, A., et al. 2011a, ApJL, 741, L11
Cisternas, M., Jahnke, K., Inskip, K. J., et al. 2011b, ApJ, 726, 57
Coelho, P., & Gadotti, D. A. 2011, ApJL, 743, L13
Comastri, A., Iwasawa, K., Gilli, R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 717, 787
Combes, F. 2001, in Advanced Lectures on the Starburst-AGN, ed. I. Aretxaga, D. Kunth, & R. Mújica (Singapore: World Scientific), 223
Combes, F., & Gerin, M. 1985, A&A, 150, 327
Combes, F., & Sanders, R. H. 1981, A&A, 96, 164
Comerón, S., Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 402, 2462
Crenshaw, D. M., Kraemer, S. B., & Gabel, J. R. 2003, AJ, 126, 1690
de Souza, R. E., Gadotti, D. A., & dos Anjos, S. 2004, ApJS, 153, 411
Desroches, L.-B., & Ho, L. C. 2009, ApJ, 690, 267
de Vaucouleurs, G. 1959, HDP, 53, 275
Devereux, N. 1987, ApJ, 323, 91
Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. 1990, ARA&A, 28, 215
Dumas, G., Mundell, C. G., Emsellem, E., & Nagar, N. M. 2007, MNRAS, 379, 1249
Ellison, S. L., Nair, P., Patton, D. R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 2182
Eracleous, M., Shields, J. C., Chartas, G., & Moran, E. C. 2002, ApJ, 565, 108
Erroz Ferrer, S., Knapen, J. H., Font, J., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 427, 2938
Erwin, P. 2004, A&A, 415, 941
Eskew, M., Zaritsky, D., & Meidt, S. 2012, AJ, 143, 139
Fazio, G. G., Hora, J. L., Allen, L. E., et al. 2004, ApJS, 154, 10
Ferrarese, L., & Merritt, D. 2000, ApJL, 539, L9
Freeman, K. C. 1970, ApJ, 160, 811
Friedli, D., & Benz, W. 1993, A&A, 268, 65
Gabor, J. M., Impey, C. D., Jahnke, K., et al. 2009, ApJ, 691, 705
Gadotti, D. A. 2008, MNRAS, 384, 420
Gadotti, D. A. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 3308
Gadotti, D. A., Athanassoula, E., Carrasco, L., et al. 2007, MNRAS, 381, 943
Gadotti, D. A., & Kauffmann, G. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 621
Gallo, E., Treu, T., Jacob, J., et al. 2008, ApJ, 680, 154
García Burillo, S., Combes, F., Schinnerer, E., Boone, F., & Hunt, L. K. 2005, A&A, 441, 1011
García Rissmann, A., Vega, L. R., Asari, N. V., et al. 2005, MNRAS, 359, 765
Garmire, G. P., Bautz, M. W., Ford, P. G., Nousek, J. A., & Ricker, G. R., Jr. 2003, Proc. SPIE, 4851, 28
Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., et al. 2000, ApJL, 539, L13
Gebhardt, K., Richstone, D., Tremaine, S., et al. 2003, ApJ, 583, 92
Georgakakis, A., Coil, A. L., Laird, E. S., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 397, 623
Ghosh, H., Mathur, S., Fiore, F., & Ferrarese, L. 2008, ApJ, 687, 216
Gilfanov, M. 2004, MNRAS, 349, 146
González Martín, O., Masegosa, J., Márquez, I., Guainazzi, M., & Jiménez Bailón, E. 2009, A&A, 506, 1107
González Martín, O., Masegosa, J., Márquez, I., Guerrero, M. A., & Dultzin-Hacyan, D. 2006, A&A, 460, 45
Graham, A. W. 2008, ApJ, 680, 143
Grier, C. J., Mathur, S., Ghosh, H., & Ferrarese, L. 2011, ApJ, 731, 60
Gültekin, K., Richstone, D. O., Gebhardt, K., et al. 2009, ApJ, 698, 198
Haan, S., Schinnerer, E., Emsellem, E., et al. 2009, ApJ, 692, 1623
Häring, N., & Rix, H. 2004, ApJL, 604, L89
Hasan, H., & Norman, C. 1990, ApJ, 361, 69
Heckman, T. M., Crane, P. C., & Balick, B. 1980, A&AS, 40, 295
Ho, L. C. 2009, ApJ, 699, 626
Ho, L. C., Feigelson, E. D., Townsley, L. K., et al. 2001, ApJL, 549, L51
Ho, L. C., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 1997a, ApJ, 487, 568
Ho, L. C., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 1997b, ApJ, 487, 591
Ho, L. C., Greene, J. E., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 2009, ApJS, 183, 1
Hummel, E., van der Hulst, J. M., Kennicutt, R. C., & Keel, W. C. 1990, A&A, 236, 333
Hunt, L. K., & Malkan, M. A. 1999, ApJ, 516, 660
Immler, S., Brown, P. J., Milne, P., et al. 2006, ApJL, 648, L119
Jahnke, K., Bongiorno, A., Brusa, M., et al. 2009, ApJL, 706, L215
Jenkins, L. P., Brandt, W. N., Colbert, E. J. M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 33
Kalberla, P. M. W., Burton, W. B., Hartmann, D., et al. 2005, A&A, 440, 775
Kim, W.-T., Seo, W.-Y., & Kim, Y. 2012, ApJ, 758, 14
Knapen, J. H. 2005, A&A, 429, 141
Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., Heller, C. H., Shlosman, I., & de Jong, R. S. 1995, ApJ, 454, 623
Knapen, J. H., Shlosman, I., & Peletier, R. F. 2000, ApJ, 529, 93
Kocevski, D. D., Faber, S. M., Mozena, M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 744, 148
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. 2013, ARA&A, in press (arXiv:1304.7762)
Kormendy, J., & Kennicutt, R. C., Jr. 2004, ARA&A, 42, 603
Kormendy, J., & Richstone, D. 1995, ARA&A, 33, 581
Kraljic, K., Bournaud, F., & Martig, M. 2012, ApJ, 757, 60
Laine, S., Shlosman, I., Knapen, J. H., & Peletier, R. F. 2002, ApJ, 567, 97
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., & Buta, R. 2004a, ApJ, 607, 103
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Buta, R., & Vasylyev, S. 2004b, MNRAS, 355, 1251
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., & Rautiainen, P. 2002, MNRAS, 331, 880
Lee, G.-H., Woo, J.-H., Lee, M. G., et al. 2012, ApJ, 750, 141
Leon, S., & Verdes Montenegro, L. 2003, A&A, 411, 391
Lewis, K. T., & Eracleous, M. 2006, ApJ, 642, 711
Luo, B., Fabbiano, G., Fragos, T., et al. 2012, ApJ, 749, 130
Lynden-Bell, D. 1969, Natur, 223, 690
Maciejewski, W., Teuben, P. J., Sparke, L. S., & Stone, J. M. 2002, MNRAS, 329, 502
Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., et al. 1998, AJ, 115, 2285
Maia, M. A. G., Machado, R. S., & Willmer, C. N. A. 2003, AJ, 126, 1750
Marconi, A., & Hunt, L. K. 2003, ApJL, 589, L21
Marconi, A., Risaliti, G., Gilli, R., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 351, 169
Martin, P. 1995, AJ, 109, 2428
Martini, P. 2004, in IAU Symp. 222, The Interplay Among Black Holes, Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei, ed. T. Storchi-Bergmann, L. C. Ho, & H. R. Schmitt (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 235
Martini, P., Kelson, D. D., Mulchaey, J. S., & Trager, S. C. 2002, ApJL, 576, L109
Martini, P., & Pogge, R. W. 1999, AJ, 118, 2646
Martini, P., Pogge, R. W., Ravindranath, S., & An, J. H. 2001, ApJ, 562, 139
Martini, P., Regan, M. W., Mulchaey, J. S., & Pogge, R. W. 2003a, ApJS, 146, 353
Martini, P., Regan, M. W., Mulchaey, J. S., & Pogge, R. W. 2003b, ApJ, 589, 774
Mathur, S. 2000, MNRAS, 314, L17
Mathur, S., Fields, D., Peterson, B. M., & Grupe, D. 2012, ApJ, 754, 146
McElroy, D. B. 1995, ApJS, 100, 105
McLeod, K. K., & Rieke, G. H. 1995, ApJ, 441, 96
Meidt, S. E., Schinnerer, E., Knapen, J. H., et al. 2012, ApJ, 744, 17
Moles, M., Márquez, I., & Pérez, E. 1995, ApJ, 438, 604
Mulchaey, J. S., & Regan, M. W. 1997, ApJL, 482, L135
Mundell, C. G., & Shone, D. L. 1999, MNRAS, 304, 475
Muñoz Mateos, J. C., Sheth, K., Gil de Paz, A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 771, 59
Narayan, R., & McClintock, J. E. 2008, NewAR, 51, 733
Nowak, N., Thomas, J., Erwin, P., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 403, 646
Oh, S., Oh, K., & Yi, S. K. 2012, ApJS, 198, 4
Oh, S.-H., de Blok, W. J. G., Walter, F., Brinks, E., & Kennicutt, R. C., Jr. 2008, AJ, 136, 2761
Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Kotilainen, J. K., & Moorwood, A. F. M. 1995, A&A, 301, 55
Orban de Xivry, G., Davies, R., Schartmann, M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 417, 2721
Paturel, G., Petit, C., Prugniel, P., et al. 2003, A&A, 412, 45
Peeples, M. S., & Martini, P. 2006, ApJ, 652, 1097
Pellegrini, S., Siemiginowska, A., Fabbiano, G., et al. 2007, ApJ, 667, 749
Pfenniger, D., & Norman, C. 1990, ApJ, 363, 391
Phillips, M. M., Pagel, B. E. J., Edmunds, M. G., & Diaz, A. 1984, MNRAS, 210, 701
Quillen, A. C., Frogel, J. A., & González, R. A. 1994, ApJ, 437, 162
Regan, M. W., & Mulchaey, J. S. 1999a, AJ, 117, 2676
Regan, M. W., Sheth, K., & Vogel, S. N. 1999b, ApJ, 526, 97
Regan, M. W., Vogel, S. N., & Teuben, P. J. 1997, ApJL, 482, L143
Richstone, D., Ajhar, E. A., Bender, R., et al. 1998, Natur, 395, A14
Rozas, M., Knapen, J. H., & Beckman, J. E. 1998, MNRAS, 301, 631
Sakamoto, K., Okumura, S. K., Ishizuki, S., & Scoville, N. Z. 1999, ApJ, 525, 691
Salo, H., Laurikainen, E., Buta, R., & Knapen, J. H. 2010, ApJL, 715, L56
Sani, E., Marconi, A., Hunt, L. K., & Risaliti, G. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1479
Sarzi, M., Rix, H.-W., Shields, J. C., et al. 2001, ApJ, 550, 65
Schawinski, K., Treister, E., Urry, C. M., et al. 2011, ApJL, 727, L31
Sérsic, J. L. (ed.) 1968, Atlas de Galaxias Australes (Córdoba: Observatorio Astronómico)
Shankar, F., Salucci, P., Granato, G. L., De Zotti, G., & Danese, L. 2004, MNRAS, 354, 1020
Shen, J., & Sellwood, J. A. 2004, ApJ, 604, 614
Sheth, K., Regan, M., Hinz, J. L., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 1397
Sheth, K., Regan, M. W., Vogel, S. N., & Teuben, P. J. 2000, ApJ, 532, 221
Sheth, K., Vogel, S. N., Regan, M. W., Thornley, M. D., & Teuben, P. J. 2005, ApJ, 632, 217
Sheth, K., Vogel, S. N., Regan, M. W., et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 2581
Shlosman, I., Frank, J., & Begelman, M. C. 1989, Natur, 338, 45
Shlosman, I., Peletier, R. F., & Knapen, J. H. 2000, ApJL, 535, L83
Simkin, S. M., Su, H. J., & Schwarz, M. P. 1980, ApJ, 237, 404
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1163
Smith, J. D. T., Draine, B. T., Dale, D. A., et al. 2007, ApJ, 656, 770
Soltan, A. 1982, MNRAS, 200, 115
Speltincx, T., Laurikainen, E., & Salo, H. 2008, MNRAS, 383, 317
Stark, A. A. 1977, ApJ, 213, 368
Stauffer, J. R. 1982, ApJ, 262, 66
Tremaine, S., Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., et al. 2002, ApJ, 574, 740
Tzanavaris, P., & Georgantopoulos, I. 2007, A&A, 468, 129
Ueda, Y., Akiyama, M., Ohta, K., & Miyaji, T. 2003, ApJ, 598, 886
Vasudevan, R. V., & Fabian, A. C. 2007, MNRAS, 381, 1235
Véron-Cetty, M.-P., & Véron, P. 2006, A&A, 455, 773
Villa Vargas, J., Shlosman, I., & Heller, C. 2010, ApJ, 719, 1470
Wada, K. 2004, Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 186
Walcher, C. J., van der Marel, R. P., McLaughlin, D., et al. 2005, ApJ, 618, 237
Wang, J., Kauffmann, G., Overzier, R., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 3486
Wegner, G., Bernardi, M., Willmer, C. N. A., et al. 2003, AJ, 126, 2268
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, J. E., Jr., et al. 2000, AJ, 120, 1579
Yu, Q., & Tremaine, S. 2002, MNRAS, 335, 965
Zaritsky, D., & Lo, K. Y. 1986, ApJ, 303, 66
Zhang, W. M., Soria, R., Zhang, S. N., Swartz, D. A., & Liu, J. F. 2009, ApJ, 699, 281