Publication: Grand design and flocculent spirals in the Spitzer survey of stellar structure in glaxies (S^4G)
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2011-08-10
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Abstract
Spiral arm properties of 46 galaxies in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G) were measured at 3.6μm, where extinction is small and the old stars dominate. The sample includes flocculent, multiple arm, and grand design types with a wide range of Hubble and bar types. We find that most optically flocculent galaxies are also flocculent in the mid-IR because of star formation uncorrelated with stellar density waves, whereas multiple arm and grand design galaxies have underlying stellar waves. Arm–interarm contrasts increase from flocculent to multiple arm to grand design galaxies and with later Hubble types. Structure can be traced further out in the disk than in previous surveys. Some spirals peak at mid-radius while others continuously rise or fall, depending on Hubble and bar type. We find evidence for regular and symmetric modulations of the arm strength in NGC 4321. Bars tend to be long, high amplitude, and flat-profiled in early-type spirals, with arm contrasts that decrease with radius beyond the end of the bar, and they tend to be short, low amplitude, and exponential-profiled in late Hubble types, with arm contrasts that are constant or increase with radius. Longer bars tend to have larger amplitudes and stronger arms.
Description
© 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Artículo firmado por 29 autores. We are grateful to the dedicated staff at the Spitzer Science Center for their help and support in planning and execution of this Exploration Science program. We also gratefully acknowledge support from NASA JPL/Spitzer grant RSA1374189 provided for the S^(4)G project. D. M. E. gratefully acknowledges Vassar College for student support for Andrew Yau, and thanks NASA/JPL/Caltech for grant 1368024. E. A. and A. B. thank the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales for financial support. This research is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA, and has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. D. M. E. thanks Fred Chromey for writing the script to transform images into polar coordinates. We thank the referee for helpful comments on statistics.
UCM subjects
Unesco subjects
Keywords
Citation
Ann, H. B. 1986, JKAS, 19, 69
Ann, H. B., & Lee, S.-W. 1987, JKAS, 20, 49
Athanassoula, E. 1992, in Morphological and Physical Classification of Galaxies, ed. G. Longo, M. Capaccioli, & G. Busarello (Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 178; Dordrecht: Kluwer), 127
Athanassoula, E. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 1179
Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., & Papaioannou, S. 1987, A&A, 179, 23
Athanassoula, E., Gadotti, D. A., Carrasco, L., Bosma, A., de Souza, R. E., & Recillas, E. 2009a, RevMexAA Conf. Ser., 37, 79
Athanassoula, E., & Misiriotis, A. 2002, MNRAS, 330, 35
Athanassoula, E., Romero Gómez, M., Bosma, A., & Masdemont, J. J. 2009b, MNRAS, 394, 67
Athanassoula, E., Romero Gómez, M., Bosma, A., & Masdemont, J. J. 2009c, MNRAS, 400, 1706
Athanassoula, E., Romero Gómez, M., Bosma, A., & Masdemont, J. J. 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1433A
Baumgart, C. W., & Peterson, C. J. 1986, PASP, 98, 56
Bertin, G. 2000, Dynamics of Galaxies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
Bertin, G., Lin, C. C., Lowe, S. A., & Thurstans, R. P. 1989, ApJ, 338, 78
Block, D. L., Bertin, G., Stockton, A., Grosbol, P., Moorwood, A. F. M., & Peletier, R. F. 1994, A&A, 288, 365
Block, D. L., Bournaud, F., Combes, F., Puerari, I., & Buta, R. 2002, A&A, 394, L35
Block, D. L., Puerari, I., Knapen, J. H., Elmegreen, B. G., Buta, R., Stedman, S., & Elmegreen, D. M. 2001, A&A, 375, 761
Block, D. L., Buta, R., Knapen, J. H., Elmegreen, D. M., Elmegreen, B. G., & Puerari, I. 2004, AJ, 128, 183
Block, D. L., & Puerari, I. 1999, A&A, 342, 627
Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., & Prendergast, K. H. 1962, ApJ, 136, 128
Buta, R. J. 1984, PASAu, 5, 472
Buta, R. J. 2011, in Planets, Stars, and Stellar Systems, Vol. 6, ed. T. D. Oswalt (Berlin: Springer), in press (arXiv:1102.0550)
Buta, R. J., & Block, D. L. 2001, A&A, 550, 243
Buta, R. J., Corwin, H. G., Jr., & Odewahn, S. C. 2007, The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
Buta, R. J., Knapen, J. H., Elmegreen, B. G., Salo, H., Laurikainen, E., Elmegreen, D. M., Puerari, I., & Block, D. L. 2009, AJ, 137, 4487
Buta, R. J., Laurikainen, E., & Salo, H. 2004, AJ, 127, 279
Buta, R. J., Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Block, D. L., & Knapen, J. H. 2006, AJ, 132, 1859
Buta, R. J., Purcell, G. B., & Crocker, D. A. 1995, AJ, 110, 1588
Buta, R. J., Vasylyev, S., Salo, H., & Laurikainen, E. 2005, AJ, 130, 506
Buta, R. J., et al. 2010, ApJS, 190, 147
Combes, F., & Elmegreen, B. G. 1993, A&A, 271, 391
Combes, F., & Sanders, R. H. 1981, A&A, 96, 164
Comerón, S., Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., Laurikainen, E., Salo, H. I., Martínez Valpuesta, I., & Buta, R. J. 2010, MNRAS, 402, 2462
Considere, S., & Athanassoula, E. 1988, A&AS, 76, 365
Contopoulos, G. 1980, A&A, 81, 198
Debattista, V. P., & Sellwood, J. A. 2000, ApJ, 543, 704
de Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., Corwin, H. G., Jr., Buta, R. J., Paturel, G., & Fouque, P. 1991, Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (New York: Springer) (RC3)
Dobbs, C. L., & Pringle, J. E. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 396
Dobbs, C. L., Theis, C., Pringle, J. E., & Bate, M. R. 2010, MNRAS, 403, 625
Draine, B. T., & Li, A. 2007, ApJ, 657, 810
Durbala, A., Buta, R., Sulentic, J. W., & Verdes Montenegro, L. 2009, MNRAS, 397, 1756
Elmegreen, B. G., & Elmegreen, D. M. 1985, ApJ, 288, 438 (EE85)
Elmegreen, B. G., & Elmegreen, D. M. 1986, ApJ, 311, 554
Elmegreen, B. G., & Elmegreen, D. M. 1990, ApJ, 355, 52
Elmegreen, B. G., Elmegreen, D. M., Knapen, J. H., Buta, R. J., Block, D. L., & Puerari, I. 2007, ApJ, 670, L97
Elmegreen, B. G., Elmegreen, D. M., & Montenegro, L. 1992, ApJS, 79, 37 (EEM)
Elmegreen, B. G., Seiden, P. E., & Elmegreen, D. M. 1989, ApJ, 343, 602
Elmegreen, D. M. 1981, ApJS, 47, 229
Elmegreen, D. M., Chromey, F. R., Bissell, B. A., & Corrado, K. 1999, AJ, 118, 2618
Elmegreen, D. M., & Elmegreen, B. G. 1984, ApJS, 54, 127 (EE84)
Elmegreen, D. M., & Elmegreen, B. G. 1995, ApJ, 445, 591
Elmegreen, D. M., & Elmegreen, B. G. 1987, ApJS, 314, 3
Elmegreen, D. M., Sundin, M., Elmegreen, B. G., & Sundelius, B. 1991, A&A, 244, 52
Eskridge, P. B., et al. 2000, AJ, 119, 536
Fazio, G. G., et al. 2004, ApJS, 154, 10
Gadotti, D. A., Athanassoula, E., Carrasco, L., Bosma, A., de Souza, R. E., & Recillas, E. 2007, MNRAS, 381, 943
Gadotti, D. A. 2011, MNRAS, in press (arXiv:1003.1719)
Goldreich, P., & Lynden-Bell, D. 1965, MNRAS, 130, 125
Hackwell, J. A., & Schweizer, F. 1983, ApJ, 265, 643
Hoyle, B., et al. 2011, MNRAS, in press (arXiv:1104.5394)
Iye, M., Okamura, S., Hamabe, M., & Watanabe, M. 1982, ApJ, 256, 103
Jogee, S., Knapen, J. H., Laine, S., Shlosman, I., Scoville, N. Z., & Englmaier, P. 2002, ApJ, 570, L55
Julian, W. H., & Toomre, A. 1966, ApJ, 146, 810
Kalnajs, A. J. 1971, ApJ, 166, 275
Kendall, S., Kennicutt, R. C., & Clarke, C. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 538
Kennicutt, R. C., et al. 2003, PASP, 115, 928
Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., Cepa, J., van der Hulst, T., & Rand, R. J. 1992, ApJ, 385, L37
Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., Shlosman, I., Peletier, R. G., Heller, C. H., & de Jong, R. S. 1995, ApJ, 443, L73
Kormendy, J., & Norman, C. A. 1979, ApJ, 233, 539
Lau, Y. Y., Lin, C. C., & Mark, J. W.-K. 1976, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 1379
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Buta, R., & Knapen, J. H. 2007, MNRAS, 381, 401
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Buta, R., & Vasylyev, S. 2004, MNRAS, 355, 1251
Lin, C. C., & Shu, F. H. 1964, ApJ, 140, 646
Meidt, S., et al. 2011, BAAS, 21720707
Menéndez Delmestre, K., Sheth, K., Schinnerer, E., Jarrett, T. H., & Scoville,N. Z. 2007, ApJ, 657, 790
Oh, S. H., Kim, W.-T., Lee, H. M., & Kim, J. 2008, ApJ, 683, 94
Pence, W. D., Taylor, K., & Atherton, P. 1990, ApJ, 357, 415
Regan, M. W., & Elmegreen, D. M. 1997, AJ, 114, 965
Regan, M. W., & Vogel, S. N. 1994, ApJ, 434, 536
Rix, H.-W., & Rieke, M. J. 1993, ApJ, 418, 123
Rix, H.-W., & Zaritsky, D. 1995, ApJ, 447, 82
Roberts, W. W. 1969, ApJ, 158, 123
Romero Gómez, M., Athanassoula, E., Mademont, J. J., & García Gómez, C. 2007, A&A, 472, 63
Romero Gómez, M., Masdemont, J. J., Athanassoula, E., & García Gómez, C. 2006, A&A, 453, 39
Salo, H., Laurikainen, E., Buta, R., & Knapen, J. H. 2010, ApJ, 715, L56
Schlosser, W., & Musculus, D. 1984, A&A, 131, 367
Schweizer, F. 1976, ApJS, 31, 313
Seiden, P. E., & Gerola, H. 1979, ApJ, 233, 56
Seigar, M. S., Chorney, N. E., & James, P. A. 2003, MNRAS, 342, 1
Seigar, M. S., & James, P. A. 1998a, MNRAS, 299, 672
Seigar, M. S., & James, P. A. 1998b, MNRAS, 299, 685
Sellwood, J. A. 1985, MNRAS, 217, 127
Sellwood, J. A., & Carlberg, R. G. 1984, ApJ, 282, 61
Sellwood, J. A., & Sparke, L. S. 1988, MNRAS, 231, P25
Sheth, K., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 1397
Struck-Marcell, C. 1990, AJ, 99, 71
Tagger, M., Sygnet, J. F., Athanassoula, E., & Pellat, R. 1987, ApJ, 318, 43
Thomasson, M., Elmegreen, B. G., Donner, K. J., & Sundelius, B. 1990, ApJ, 356, L9
Thornley, M. 1996, ApJ, 469, L45
Thornley, M., & Mundy, L. 1997, ApJ, 484, 202
Toomre, A. 1969, ApJ, 158, 899
Toomre, A. 1981, in The Structure and Evolution of Normal Galaxies, Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute, ed. S. M. Fall & D. Lynden-Bell (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 111
Tully, R. B. 1974, ApJS, 27, 449
Valenzuela, O., & Klypin, A. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 406
Visser, H. C. D. 1980, A&A, 88, 149