Publication: Pensamiento barroco español: filosofía y literatura en Baltasar Gracián
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2016-02-23
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
igura de Baltasar Gracián nos ha servido como guía y punto de referencia prioritario: su obra, a cuyo análisis se dedica el grueso de este trabajo, representa la culminación de todos los elementos desarrollados por el pensamiento español de la época y la síntesis de sus conceptos fundamentales, y en ella encuentran expresión asimismo sus principales perplejidades, ambigüedades y contradicciones. Además de la relación entre filosofía y literatura, que recorre todo el trabajo de principio a fin, se ha hecho imprescindible un planteamiento interdisciplinar que abarca desde la teoría política hasta la estética, pasando por la ética, la retórica, la filosofía de la historia, la teoría del lenguaje, la preceptiva literaria, la teología, la ontología... Comienza la tesis estableciendo de manera introductoria el marco teórico fundamental sobre el Barroco. El primer capítulo se centra en el análisis pormenorizado de El Héroe, El Discreto y el Oráculo manual, como los tres momentos que componen el «arte de la prudencia» graciano. En el segundo capítulo, partiendo del análisis de El Político, abordamos distintos asuntos de teoría política, como el concepto de razón de Estado, el arte de reinar, la figura del príncipe cristiano, etc., así como la dialéctica entre maquiavelismo y antimaquiavelismo que atraviesa todo el pensamiento barroco español. El tercer capítulo, donde se analizan en detalle los principales discursos de la Agudeza y arte de ingenio, trata de desarrollar una retórica y una poética del conceptismo, sin olvidar sus múltiples relaciones y concomitancias con la ética graciana y la estética del Barroco. El cuarto capítulo despliega un análisis filosófico de El Criticón como síntesis y culminación en forma de novela alegórica de toda la obra previa de Gracián y de algunos de sus temas principales (la dialéctica entre realidad y apariencia, mundo natural y mundo humano, el símbolo y la alegoría, el desengaño, el ingenio, el estilo, el concepto, la anatomía moral del hombre, la inmortalidad de la fama, etc). El quinto capítulo lo dedicamos a El Comulgatorio, cuyas meditaciones en torno al dogma tridentino de la Eucaristía se analizan con detenimiento, tratando de comprender sus fundamentos teológicos, ontológicos y estéticos. Finalmente, la tesis se cierra con unas conclusiones, los Anexos y la Bibliografía. Metodológicamente, hemos partido del análisis detallado y directo de las obras completas de Baltasar Gracián, como «máxima conciencia filosófica del Barroco», tratando de comprender de primera mano sus textos, afrontando las profundas dificultades que entraña su estilo literario y su lenguaje. Después se ha atendido a la bibliografía secundaria, seleccionando aquellos estudios que hemos juzgado más oportunos y acertados sobre cada uno de los temas que se van tratando. Es importante señalar que, aunque nos centremos en el análisis de las obras de Gracián, no se ha perdido de vista en ningún momento la dimensión de época, el contexto cultural del Barroco, pues es en ese juego relacional donde consideramos que el pensamiento del belmontino adquiere su significado último y más completo; de ahí que desde el mismo título de la tesis se empiece haciendo referencia explícita al «Pensamiento Barroco Español».
The main purpose of this PHD thesis is to analyze the Spanish Baroque as a philosophical category. The figure of Baltasar Gracián has served us as a guide and as an essential reference point: his work is the culmination of all the elements developed by the Spanish thinking of the Baroque Age and the synthesis of its fundamental concepts, and there also lies the expression of its principal perplexities, ambiguities and contradictions. In addition to the relationship between philosophy and literature, that crosses this thesis from the beginning to the end, we have made an interdisciplinary approach ranging from political theory to aesthetics, ethics, rhetoric, philosophy, history, language theory, literary theory, theology, ontology... The thesis begins establishing the fundamental theoretical framework of the Baroque. The first chapter focuses on the detailed analysis of El Héroe, El Discreto and Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia, as the three moments that make up the “art of prudence” of Gracián. In the second chapter, based on the analysis of El Político, we address various issues of political theory, the concept of raison d'etat, the art of ruling, the figure of the Christian prince, etc., as well as the dialectic between anti-Machiavellianism Machiavellianism that traverses the Spanish Baroque Thought. The third chapter, which analyzes in detail the Agudeza y arte de ingenio, seeks to develop a rhetoric and poetics of the conceptismo, including its multiple relationships and similarities with gracian ethics and the aesthetics of the Baroque. The fourth chapter unfolds a philosophical analysis of El Criticón as synthesis and culmination in the form of allegorical novel of all the previous work of Gracián and its principal issues (the dialectic between reality and appearance, natural world and human world, symbol and allegory, the desengaño, the wit, the moral anatomy of man, the immortality of fame, etc. The fifth chapter is dedicated to El Comulgatorio, whose meditations on the Tridentine dogma of the Eucharist are analyzed carefully, trying to understand their theological, ontological and aesthetic foundations. Finally, the thesis concludes with some conclusions, annexes and bibliography. Methodologically, we have started with the detailed and direct analysis of the complete works of Baltasar Gracián, considered as “the maximum Baroque philosophical consciousness”, trying to understand at first hand his texts, facing the profound difficulties of its language and its literary style. Subsequently we have used the bibliography, selecting those studies that we have judged more accurate to analyze each of the topics to be treated. It is important to note that, even though we focus on the analysis of the works of Gracián, we have not lost sight at any time the cultural context of Baroque, because it is in this relational game that the thought of Gracián acquires its latest and most complete meaning; hence, from the very title of the thesis, we make explicit reference to the "Pensamiento Barroco Español".
The main purpose of this PHD thesis is to analyze the Spanish Baroque as a philosophical category. The figure of Baltasar Gracián has served us as a guide and as an essential reference point: his work is the culmination of all the elements developed by the Spanish thinking of the Baroque Age and the synthesis of its fundamental concepts, and there also lies the expression of its principal perplexities, ambiguities and contradictions. In addition to the relationship between philosophy and literature, that crosses this thesis from the beginning to the end, we have made an interdisciplinary approach ranging from political theory to aesthetics, ethics, rhetoric, philosophy, history, language theory, literary theory, theology, ontology... The thesis begins establishing the fundamental theoretical framework of the Baroque. The first chapter focuses on the detailed analysis of El Héroe, El Discreto and Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia, as the three moments that make up the “art of prudence” of Gracián. In the second chapter, based on the analysis of El Político, we address various issues of political theory, the concept of raison d'etat, the art of ruling, the figure of the Christian prince, etc., as well as the dialectic between anti-Machiavellianism Machiavellianism that traverses the Spanish Baroque Thought. The third chapter, which analyzes in detail the Agudeza y arte de ingenio, seeks to develop a rhetoric and poetics of the conceptismo, including its multiple relationships and similarities with gracian ethics and the aesthetics of the Baroque. The fourth chapter unfolds a philosophical analysis of El Criticón as synthesis and culmination in the form of allegorical novel of all the previous work of Gracián and its principal issues (the dialectic between reality and appearance, natural world and human world, symbol and allegory, the desengaño, the wit, the moral anatomy of man, the immortality of fame, etc. The fifth chapter is dedicated to El Comulgatorio, whose meditations on the Tridentine dogma of the Eucharist are analyzed carefully, trying to understand their theological, ontological and aesthetic foundations. Finally, the thesis concludes with some conclusions, annexes and bibliography. Methodologically, we have started with the detailed and direct analysis of the complete works of Baltasar Gracián, considered as “the maximum Baroque philosophical consciousness”, trying to understand at first hand his texts, facing the profound difficulties of its language and its literary style. Subsequently we have used the bibliography, selecting those studies that we have judged more accurate to analyze each of the topics to be treated. It is important to note that, even though we focus on the analysis of the works of Gracián, we have not lost sight at any time the cultural context of Baroque, because it is in this relational game that the thought of Gracián acquires its latest and most complete meaning; hence, from the very title of the thesis, we make explicit reference to the "Pensamiento Barroco Español".
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía, Departamento de Filosofía IV (Teoría del Conocimiento, Estética e Historia del Pensamiento), leída el 09-12-2015