Publication: Hábitos alimentarios saludables en el control del peso corporal
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2016-03-03
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Los hábitos alimentarios se definen como cantidad, proporción, variedad y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de forma regular. La relación entre hábitos alimentarios y salud está bien documentada, con amplia evidencia científica de que existe una relación entre hábitos alimentarios deficientes y enfermedades crónicas como diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular, hipertensión, algunos tipos de cáncer, Alzheimer y obesidad (DGAC, 2015). La obesidad se ha convertido en el principal problema nutricional en países desarrollados como EE.UU., donde más de 78 millones de adultos, el 35% de la población, son obesos (Ogden et al., 2014). En muchos casos se han sustituido frutas, verduras y comidas caseras por alimentos ultra-procesados y comida rápida, altos en grasas sólidas y azúcares agregados. Por otra parte, la industrialización y el urbanismo han reducido progresivamente la cantidad de actividad física no planificada que la mayoría de las personas llevan a cabo, teniendo que comprometerse a realizar una rutina de ejercicio regular con el fin de evitar los efectos perjudiciales del sedentarismo. En 2002, la Organización Mundial de la Salud definió este entorno como obesogénico. La carga de la obesidad es enorme para el sistema de salud pública de EE.UU. y muchas políticas nutricionales han buscado poner fin a esta epidemia mediante la promoción de hábitos alimentarios saludables y de actividad física, como las Guías Dietéticas para Americanos y el patrón de Dieta Mediterránea. Ambas tienen en común una mayor ingesta de frutas, verduras, cereales integrales, productos lácteos bajos en grasa, pescado, legumbres y frutos secos, mientras que reducen la ingesta de carne roja, cereales refinados, azúcares agregados, bebidas azucaradas, alcohol, grasas trans y sodio. Además, la actividad física moderada regular se promueve como parte integral de un estilo de vida saludable. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estadounidenses no cumple con estas recomendaciones. La presente tesis analiza el papel de los hábitos alimentarios y de la actividad física, dos causas modificables de la obesidad, en una muestra poblacional de Miami, Florida. Parte de la hipótesis de que el establecimiento de hábitos alimentarios saludables y la participación en actividad física moderada son herramientas eficaces para el control de peso en adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad.
Dietary habits are defined as the amount, proportion, variety and frequency of food and beverage consumption on a regular basis. The relationship of dietary habits and health is well documented, and there is scientific evidence of a strong link between poor quality dietary patterns and chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, some types of cancer, Alzheimer, and obesity1. Obesity has become the main nutritional problem in developed countries like the United States, where more than 78 million adults, 35% of the population, are obese2. Fruits, vegetables and home cooked meals have been replaced in many cases by ultraprocessed and fast foods with extended shelf life, which are high in solid fats and added sugars. Furthermore, industrialization and urban life have progressively reduced the amount of unplanned physical activity that most people undertake, needing to engage in a regular exercise routine in order to avoid the detrimental effects of sedentary lifestyle. In 2002, the World Health Organization characterized this environment as obesogenic. The burden of obesity is tremendous on public health, and many nutritional policies are aimed to put an end to such epidemic by promoting healthy dietary patterns and physical activity, like the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Mediterranean Diet Pattern, which include the components associated with health benefits. Their common characteristics are a higher intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy, seafood, legumes and nuts, while reducing the intake of red meat, refined grains, added sugars, sweetened beverages, alcohol, trans fats and sodium. Furthermore, regular moderate physical activity is encouraged as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. However, most Americans do not meet these recommendations. The present dissertation examines the role of dietary habits and physical activity, two modifiable causes of obesity, on a sample population from Miami, Florida. It is based on the hypothesis that the establishment of healthy dietary habits and the engagement in moderate physical activity are effective tools for weight control in overweight and obese adults...
Dietary habits are defined as the amount, proportion, variety and frequency of food and beverage consumption on a regular basis. The relationship of dietary habits and health is well documented, and there is scientific evidence of a strong link between poor quality dietary patterns and chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, some types of cancer, Alzheimer, and obesity1. Obesity has become the main nutritional problem in developed countries like the United States, where more than 78 million adults, 35% of the population, are obese2. Fruits, vegetables and home cooked meals have been replaced in many cases by ultraprocessed and fast foods with extended shelf life, which are high in solid fats and added sugars. Furthermore, industrialization and urban life have progressively reduced the amount of unplanned physical activity that most people undertake, needing to engage in a regular exercise routine in order to avoid the detrimental effects of sedentary lifestyle. In 2002, the World Health Organization characterized this environment as obesogenic. The burden of obesity is tremendous on public health, and many nutritional policies are aimed to put an end to such epidemic by promoting healthy dietary patterns and physical activity, like the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Mediterranean Diet Pattern, which include the components associated with health benefits. Their common characteristics are a higher intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy, seafood, legumes and nuts, while reducing the intake of red meat, refined grains, added sugars, sweetened beverages, alcohol, trans fats and sodium. Furthermore, regular moderate physical activity is encouraged as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. However, most Americans do not meet these recommendations. The present dissertation examines the role of dietary habits and physical activity, two modifiable causes of obesity, on a sample population from Miami, Florida. It is based on the hypothesis that the establishment of healthy dietary habits and the engagement in moderate physical activity are effective tools for weight control in overweight and obese adults...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I, leída el 16-11-2015