Publication: Estudio de los contaminantes en polen mediante GCMS y microscopía electrónica
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2016-03-31
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Citations
Exportar
Abstract
El grano de polen es el gameto masculino de la subdivisión Espermatofitas (plantas con semillas) que está formado por una doble membrana. En función de la estrategia de fecundación de la planta espermatofita y, por tanto, de dispersión del polen, se pueden distinguir dos tipos: a) polen anemófilo, generado por flores poco llamativas, ligero, volátil y encontrado a grandes distancias por acción del viento y b) polen entomófilo, generado por flores llamativas que desprende ciertos VOCs biológicamente activos para ciertos insectos, pegajoso y pesado. En principio, el polen más abundante en la atmósfera es el anemófilo, a excepción del polen del olivo, el cual es entomófilo pero al generarse en grandes cantidades participa de ambas estrategias de dispersión. Aunque el polen puede considerarse una biopartícula inocua para la salud, existe una gran proporción de individuos que desarrollan una respuesta inmune adaptativa frente a sustancias inofensivas para el organismo, como el polen. Este tipo de respuestas inmunes frente a sustancias extrañas no infecciosas puede producir una patología clínica que se conoce como reacción alérgica, reacción de hipersensibilidad o simplemente alergia, y concretamente en el polen, hipersensibilidad del tipo I, donde actúan los anticuerpos IgE y la respuesta es prácticamente inmediata. En las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de episodios alérgicos en la población. Este hecho ha sido investigado ampliamente llegando a la conclusión de que la contaminación, y en concreto, la producida por la combustión del carburante diesel en motores de explosión y combustión interna, produce un efecto sinérgico, sensibilizando el sistema inmune. En los años 2000 y sucesivos, se demostró mediante estudios inmunológicos, como por ejemplo aplicando el método ELISA, que la concentración del anticuerpo IgE es mayor en presencia del conjunto (polen – partícula de diesel) que con alérgeno de polen exclusivamente. En el mismo sentido, otros estudios de tipo estadístico ponen en evidencia el aumento de sintomatología clínica de hipersensibilidad de tipo I en ambientes contaminados, como por ejemplo en hogares con fumadores, o con la presencia de otros alérgenos distintos al polen, como por ejemplo mascotas o en hogares con humedades relativas elevadas (siendo especialmente importante en alergias a los ácaros)...
Inside the pollen grain of spermatophyte plants there are double membranes where mail gametes are formed. Depending on the manner of plant fecundation, and consequently pollen dispersion, two pollen types can be distinguished: a) anemophilous pollen, which is generated by unattractive flowers; it is light and volatile and it can be found far away from its source carried by air currents b) entomophilous pollen, which is generated by attractive flowers; it produces biological VOCs which are heavy and sticky and attractive to certain types of insects. In general terms, anemophily pollen is more abundant in the atmosphere with the exception of the entomophilous pollen of the olive tree, which is produced in huge amounts. Although pollen can be considered as an innocuous bio-particle for human health, a lot of people have developed an adaptive immune response. This fast response to non infectious exogenous compounds is known as an allergic disease or Type I hypersensitivity, causing IgE antibodies to develop. Over the last few decades an increase in allergic episodes has been detected in the human population. This fact has been widely studied, the conclusion being that pollution and air particles produced by diesel engines give rise to a synergic effect, sensitizing the immune system. At the beginning of 21st century, immunologic studies using the ELISA technique showed that IgE antibody concentration is higher in the presence of pollen-diesel particle mixtures than in the presence of pollen alone. In the same way, other statistical studies have showed an increase in Type I hypersensitivity in polluted environments, such as in the houses of smokers or in houses with high humidity as well as in the presence of allergens other than pollen, including pet allergens, and especially mite allergens. In this work, pollen capacity to retain and to concentrate pollutant compounds as well as atmospheric particles is studied. An attempt has been made to establish correlations between VOC content in pollens and compounds produced by diesel vehicle engines...
Inside the pollen grain of spermatophyte plants there are double membranes where mail gametes are formed. Depending on the manner of plant fecundation, and consequently pollen dispersion, two pollen types can be distinguished: a) anemophilous pollen, which is generated by unattractive flowers; it is light and volatile and it can be found far away from its source carried by air currents b) entomophilous pollen, which is generated by attractive flowers; it produces biological VOCs which are heavy and sticky and attractive to certain types of insects. In general terms, anemophily pollen is more abundant in the atmosphere with the exception of the entomophilous pollen of the olive tree, which is produced in huge amounts. Although pollen can be considered as an innocuous bio-particle for human health, a lot of people have developed an adaptive immune response. This fast response to non infectious exogenous compounds is known as an allergic disease or Type I hypersensitivity, causing IgE antibodies to develop. Over the last few decades an increase in allergic episodes has been detected in the human population. This fact has been widely studied, the conclusion being that pollution and air particles produced by diesel engines give rise to a synergic effect, sensitizing the immune system. At the beginning of 21st century, immunologic studies using the ELISA technique showed that IgE antibody concentration is higher in the presence of pollen-diesel particle mixtures than in the presence of pollen alone. In the same way, other statistical studies have showed an increase in Type I hypersensitivity in polluted environments, such as in the houses of smokers or in houses with high humidity as well as in the presence of allergens other than pollen, including pet allergens, and especially mite allergens. In this work, pollen capacity to retain and to concentrate pollutant compounds as well as atmospheric particles is studied. An attempt has been made to establish correlations between VOC content in pollens and compounds produced by diesel vehicle engines...
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Analítica, leída el 06-11-2015