Publication:
Creating S0s with Major Mergers: A 3D View

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2015-12
Authors
Querejeta, Miguel
Eliche Moral, María del Carmen
Tapia, Trinidad
Borlaff, Alejandro
Van de Ven, Glenn
Lyubenova, Mariya
Martig, Marie
Falcón Barroso, Jesús
Méndez Abreu, Jairo
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
MDPI AG
Citations
Google Scholar
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Abstract
A number of simulators have argued that major mergers can sometimes preserve discs, but the possibility that they could explain the emergence of lenticular galaxies (S0s) has been generally neglected. In fact, observations of S0s reveal a strong structural coupling between their bulges and discs, which seems difficult to reconcile with the idea that they come from major mergers. However, in our recent papers we have used N-body simulations of binary mergers to show that, under favourable conditions, discs are first destroyed but soon regrow out of the leftover debris, matching observational photometric scaling relations. Additionally, we have shown how the merger scenario agrees with the recent discovery that S0s and most spirals are not compatible in an angular momentum-concentration plane. This important result from CALIFA constitutes a serious objection to the idea that spirals transform into S0s mainly by fading (e.g., via ram-pressure stripping, as that would not explain the observed simultaneous change in λ_Re and concentration), but our simulations of major mergers do explain that mismatch. From such a 3D comparison we conclude that mergers must be a relevant process in the build-up of the current population of S0s.
Description
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The authors would like to acknowledge the two anonymous referees for constructive feedback, and the GalMer team for creating such a powerful tool, with especial thanks to Paola Di Matteo for her kind support with the database. Miguel Querejeta, Glenn van de Ven and Jesús Falcón Barroso acknowledge financial support to the Detailed Anatomy of Galaxies (DAGAL) network from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007- 2013/ under REA grant agreement number PITN-GA-2011-289313. M. Carmen Eliche Moral acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under projects AYA2012-31277 and AYA2013-48226-C3-1-P. Jairo Méndez Abreu acknowledges support from the European Research Council Starting Grant (SEDmorph; P.I.V. Wild).
UCM subjects
Astrofísica, Astronomía (Física)
Unesco subjects
Keywords
Citation
1. Querejeta, M.; Eliche Moral, M.C.; Tapia, T.; Borlaff, A.; Rodríguez Pérez, C.; Zamorano, J.; Gallego, J. Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Bulge-disc structural coupling resulting from major mergers. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 573, A78. 2. Querejeta, M.; Eliche Moral, M.C.; Tapia, T.; Borlaff, A.; van de Ven, G.; Lyubenova, M.; Martig, M.; Falcón Barroso, J.; Méndez Abreu, J. Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Explaining angular momentum and concentration change from spirals to S0s. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 579, L2. 3. Hubble, E.P. Realm of the Nebulae; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 1936. 4. De Vaucouleurs, G.; De Vaucouleurs, A.; Corwin, H.G., Jr.; Buta, R.J.; Paturel, G.; Fouqué, P. Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. Volume I: Explanations and references. Volume II: Data for galaxies between 0h and 12h. Volume III: Data for galaxies between 12h and 24h; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1991. 5. Laurikainen, E.; Salo, H.; Buta, R.; Knapen, J.H.; Comerón, S. Photometric scaling relations of lenticular and spiral galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2010, 405, 1089–1118. 6. Cappellari, M.; Emsellem, E.; Krajnović, D.; McDermid, R.M.; Serra, P.; Alatalo, K.; Blitz, L.; Bois, M.; Bournaud, F.; Bureau, M.; et al. The ATLAS3D project—VII. A new look at the morphology of nearby galaxies: The kinematic morphology-density relation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 416, 1680–1696. 7. Kormendy, J.; Bender, R. A Revised Parallel-sequence Morphological Classification of Galaxies: Structure and Formation of S0 and Spheroidal Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2012, 198, 2. 8. Crowl, H.H.; Kenney, J.D.P.; van Gorkom, J.H.; Vollmer, B. Dense Cloud Ablation and Ram Pressure Stripping of the Virgo Spiral NGC 4402. Astron. J. 2005, 130, 65–72 9. Aragón Salamanca, A.; Bedregal, A.G.; Merrifield, M.R. Measuring the fading of S0 galaxies using globular clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 458, 101–105. 10. Crowl, H.H.; Kenney, J.D.P. The Stellar Populations of Stripped Spiral Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. Astron. J. 2008, 136, 1623–1644. 11. Maltby, D.T.; Aragón Salamanca, A.; Gray, M.E.; Hoyos, C.; Wolf, C.; Jogee, S.; Böhm, A. The environmental dependence of the structure of galactic discs in STAGES S0 galaxies: Implications for S0 formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2015, 447, 1506–1530. 12. Dressler, A. Galaxy morphology in rich clusters—Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1980, 236, 351–365. 13. Wilman, D.J.; Oemler, Jr., A.; Mulchaey, J.S.; McGee, S.L.; Balogh, M.L.; Bower, R.G. Morphological Composition of z 0.4 Groups: The Site of S0 Formation. Astrophys. J. 2009, 692, 298–308. 14. Bekki, K.; Couch, W.J. Transformation from spirals into S0s with bulge growth in groups of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 415, 1783–1796. 15. Mazzei, P.; Marino, A.; Rampazzo, R. The NUV-r versus Mr Plane as a Tracer of Early-type Galaxy Evolution in the USGC U376 and LGG 225 Groups. Astrophys. J. 2014, 782, 53. 16. Mazzei, P.; Marino, A.; Rampazzo, R.; Galletta, G.; Bettoni, D. Catching spiral - S0 transition in groups. Insights from SPH simulations with chemo-photometric implementation. Adv. Space Res. 2014, 53, 950–962. 17. Springel, V.; Hernquist, L. Formation of a Spiral Galaxy in a Major Merger. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2005, 622, L9–L12. 18. Hopkins, P.F.; Cox, T.J.; Younger, J.D.; Hernquist, L. How do Disks Survive Mergers? Astrophys. J. 2009, 691, 1168–1201. 19. Chilingarian, I.V.; di Matteo, P.; Combes, F.; Melchior, A.L.; Semelin, B. The GalMer database: Galaxy mergers in the virtual observatory. Astron. Astrophys. 2010, 518, A61. 20. Bruzual, G.; Charlot, S. Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2003, 344, 1000–1028. 21. Falcón Barroso, J.; Lyubenova, M.; Van de Ven, G. Angular Momentum Across the Hubble Sequence From the CALIFA Survey. In IAU Symposium S311: Galaxy Masses as Constraints of Formation Models; Cappellari, M., Courteau, S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2015; pp. 78–81. 22. Emsellem, E.; Cappellari, M.; Krajnović, D.; Alatalo, K.; Blitz, L.; Bois, M.; Bournaud, F.; Bureau, M.; Davies, R.L.; Davis, T.A.; et al. The ATLAS3D project - III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early-type galaxies: Unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 414, 888–912. 23. Barnes, J.E.; Hernquist, L.E. Fueling starburst galaxies with gas-rich mergers. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1991, 370, L65–L68. 24. Graham, A.W.; Worley, C.C. Inclination- and dust-corrected galaxy parameters: Bulge-to-disc ratios and size-luminosity relations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2008, 388, 1708–1728. 25. Barnes, J.E. Formation of gas discs in merging galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2002, 333, 481–494. 26. Robertson, B.; Yoshida, N.; Springel, V.; Hernquist, L. Disk Galaxy Formation in a Λ Cold Dark Matter Universe. Astrophys. J. 2004, 606, 32–45. 27. Robertson, B.; Bullock, J.S.; Cox, T.J.; Di Matteo, T.; Hernquist, L.; Springel, V.; Yoshida, N. A Merger-driven Scenario for Cosmological Disk Galaxy Formation. Astrophys. J. 2006, 645, 986–1000. 28. Moster, B.P.; Macciò, A.V.; Somerville, R.S.; Naab, T.; Cox, T.J. The effects of a hot gaseous halo in galaxy major mergers. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 415, 3750–3770. 29. Bournaud, F.; Chapon, D.; Teyssier, R.; Powell, L.C.; Elmegreen, B.G.; Elmegreen, D.M.; Duc, P.A.; Contini, T.; Epinat, B.; Shapiro, K.L. Hydrodynamics of High-redshift Galaxy Collisions: From Gas-rich Disks to Dispersion-dominated Mergers and Compact Spheroids. Astrophys. J. 2011, 730, 4. 30. Borlaff, A.; Eliche Moral, M.C.; Rodríguez Pérez, C.; Querejeta, M.; Tapia, T.; Pérez González, P.G.; Zamorano, J.; Gallego, J.; Beckman, J. Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Antitruncated stellar discs resulting from major mergers. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 570, A103. 31. Moore, B.; Katz, N.; Lake, G.; Dressler, A.; Oemler, A. Galaxy harassment and the evolution of clusters of galaxies. Nature 1996, 379, 613–616. 32. Shaya, E.J.; Tully, R.B. The angular momentum content of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1984, 281, 56–66. 33. Head, J.T.C.G.; Lucey, J.R.; Hudson, M.J.; Smith, R.J. Dissecting the red sequence: The bulge and disc colours of early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 440, 1690–1711. 34. Sil’chenko, O.K.; Proshina, I.S.; Shulga, A.P.; Koposov, S.E. Ages and abundances in large-scale stellar discs of nearby S0 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2012, 427, 790–805. 35. Katkov, I.Y.; Kniazev, A.Y.; Sil’chenko, O.K. Kinematics and Stellar Populations in Isolated Lenticular Galaxies. Astron. J. 2015, 150, 24
Collections