Publication: El tiempo superfluo: una sociología crítica del desempleo : el caso de España (2007-2013)
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2016-05-25
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
En esta investigación nos preguntamos por qué el desempleo se da en una división social del tiempo que, mientras produce desocupación masiva, expande e intensifica el trabajo de la población trabajadora. Nuestro objetivo es fundamentar teórica y empíricamente una explicación del desempleo que permita comprender las causas de esta división del tiempo polarizada, y que señale algunas de las vías para su posible superación. Teóricamente, nos centramos en el concepto de tiempo superfluo de Marx, siguiendo la lectura de Moishe Postone. Empíricamente, investigamos las relaciones entre el desempleo y esta paradójica división del tiempo durante la crisis en España en el periodo 2007-2013, cuando se alcanzó un 27% de paro y seis millones de parados. Mediante un enfoque elaborado a partir de categorías sociotemporales, analizamos los datos obtenidos en las Encuestas de Empleo del Tiempo, en 28 entrevistas y seis grupos de discusión realizados con parados y paradas de perfiles diversos. Comenzamos problematizando lo que llamamos la paradoja del tiempo escaso: por un lado, la población ocupada tiende a una escasez objetiva de horas que se explica por el exceso de trabajo; por otro lado, la población parada tiende a una escasez subjetiva de tiempo al tener grandes dificultades para usar significativamente su abundancia objetiva de horas desocupadas. A través de esta paradoja, cuestionamos aquellos enfoques que abordan el desempleo sin problematizar la organización social del tiempo que lo produce. Para teorizar esta paradoja, partimos de una conceptualización del tiempo, el trabajo y el desempleo basada en la interpretación de Postone de la teoría crítica de Marx, y particularmente, de su concepto de tiempo superfluo. Este enfoque permite comprender sociohistóricamente por qué los aumentos constantes de la capacidad productiva de riqueza no han conllevado tanto un ahorro de tiempo de trabajo global, sino sobre todo un ahorro de trabajadores que periódicamente se convierten en superfluos. Según esta perspectiva, la relación de trabajo es el pivote que dinamiza y polariza la división de los tiempos sociales. A partir de estos argumentos, proponemos una definición de ‘paro’ y de ‘parados’ que enlaza diferentes niveles analíticos: el sistémico, el estatal y el de las prácticas. Complementamos este marco teórico con herramientas de la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu, la sociología del tiempo, la sociología del trabajo, el feminismo o el psicoanálisis, entre otras...
This research asks why unemployment occurs in a social division of time which produces mass unemployment, and at the same time, expands and intensifies labor. Our aim is to ground a theoretical and empirical explanation of unemployment to understand the causes of this polarized division of time as well as to point out some of the possibilities for overcoming it. Theoretically, we focus on Marx’s concept of superfluous time, following Moishe Postone’s reading. Empirically, the relations between unemployment and this paradoxical division of time are investigated during the crisis in Spain in the period 2007-2013, when there was 27% unemployment, six million people were unemployed. Through an approach developed with sociotemporal categories, we analyze data from Time Use Surveys, 28 interviews and six discussion groups carried out with unemployed people of heterogeneous social conditions. The paradox of scarce time is problematized: on the one hand, the employed population tends to an objective scarcity of hours which can be explained by overwork; on the other hand, the unemployed tend to a subjective scarcity of time because they have important difficulties to use their objective abundance of non-occupied hours in a significant way. Through this paradox, those approaches that address unemployment without problematizing the social organization of time are criticised. To theorize this paradox, a conceptualization of time, labor and unemployment based on the interpretation of Marx’s critical theory made by Postone is used, and particularly his concept of superfluous time. This approach allows us to understand why, sociohistorically, the constant increases in the productive capacity of wealth have not led to savings in global labor time, but to savings in workers who periodically become superfluous. In this view, the labor relation is the pivot that moves and polarizes the division of social times. From these arguments, a definition of ‘unemployment’ and ‘unemployed’ is proposed that links different analytical levels: systemic level, state level and practices level. This framework is complemented with other tools from Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology, the sociology of time, the sociology of work, feminism or psychoanalysis, among others...
This research asks why unemployment occurs in a social division of time which produces mass unemployment, and at the same time, expands and intensifies labor. Our aim is to ground a theoretical and empirical explanation of unemployment to understand the causes of this polarized division of time as well as to point out some of the possibilities for overcoming it. Theoretically, we focus on Marx’s concept of superfluous time, following Moishe Postone’s reading. Empirically, the relations between unemployment and this paradoxical division of time are investigated during the crisis in Spain in the period 2007-2013, when there was 27% unemployment, six million people were unemployed. Through an approach developed with sociotemporal categories, we analyze data from Time Use Surveys, 28 interviews and six discussion groups carried out with unemployed people of heterogeneous social conditions. The paradox of scarce time is problematized: on the one hand, the employed population tends to an objective scarcity of hours which can be explained by overwork; on the other hand, the unemployed tend to a subjective scarcity of time because they have important difficulties to use their objective abundance of non-occupied hours in a significant way. Through this paradox, those approaches that address unemployment without problematizing the social organization of time are criticised. To theorize this paradox, a conceptualization of time, labor and unemployment based on the interpretation of Marx’s critical theory made by Postone is used, and particularly his concept of superfluous time. This approach allows us to understand why, sociohistorically, the constant increases in the productive capacity of wealth have not led to savings in global labor time, but to savings in workers who periodically become superfluous. In this view, the labor relation is the pivot that moves and polarizes the division of social times. From these arguments, a definition of ‘unemployment’ and ‘unemployed’ is proposed that links different analytical levels: systemic level, state level and practices level. This framework is complemented with other tools from Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology, the sociology of time, the sociology of work, feminism or psychoanalysis, among others...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, leída el 13-01-2016