Publication: Divergencias y convergencias de la disputa educativa por la construcción de la nación entre el liberalismo y el conservadurismo católico en México entre 1857-1982
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2016-05-02
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La presente investigación trata de responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿hay un proceso de confluencia ideológica a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX de los liberales y conservadores mexicanos en un proyecto educativo nacionalista? Para responderla, el trabajo analiza la disputa ideológica de tipo histórico en torno a la educación entre la élite liberal y la conservadora católica (incluida la jerarquía católica) mexicanas, con referencia a las relaciones Iglesia-Estado y al proceso de construcción de la nación. Dicho en otros términos, este trabajo analiza la construcción de la nación en México a través de la educación durante el periodo 1857-1982. En este estudio se considera que el origen de la nación mexicana es resultado de un proceso de construcción orquestado por las élites. El proceso se inició formalmente con la independencia de España en 1821. Desde entonces, las élites consideraron a la educación como una herramienta fundamental para trasmitir sus valores y construir los emblemas representativos de la nación. Las élites políticas percibieron que el monopolio de la educación les dotaba de ventajas sobre sus competidores, ya que proporcionaba diversos recursos institucionales para el ejercicio del poder y su conservación. En la disputa por el control de la educación, la Iglesia Católica (y el conservadurismo católico) proponía que la orientación moral del Estado, así como los valores de la democracia y la participación política, deberían sustentarse sobre una educación integral que incluyera la religión católica como parte de la regeneración moral de los individuos. Por su parte, la élite liberal dedicó el quehacer público a la secularización de la educación y a crear una sociedad racional que se liberara del oscurantismo y del fanatismo religioso. El conflicto se agudizó cuando la Iglesia Católica perdió el monopolio educativo con las Leyes de Reforma (1855-1863); entonces comenzó una fuerte competencia con el Estado (el Gobierno) por el control ideológico y político de la sociedad. Por su parte, la élite política liberal impidió el avance del conservadurismo católico y se hizo con los recursos institucionales (formales e informales) para conservar y legitimar su control del poder...
This research is an attempt to answer the following question: Is there an ideological confluence process, throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries, between the Mexican Liberals and Conservatives in a nationalist education project? To answer it, the project analyses the historical ideological dispute related to education arising between the Mexican liberal elite and the catholic conservative elite (including the catholic hierarchy), in regard to the Church-State relations and the nation building process. In other words, this project analyses the construction of the nation in Mexico by means of education during the 1857-1982 period. The process formally initiated with the independence from Spain in 1821. Since then, the elites considered education as a fundamental tool to transmit their values and build the national emblems. The political elites understood that the monopoly of education provided them with advantages over their competitors, as it provided various institutional resources to exercise and maintain power. In the battle for control over education, the Catholic Church (and the catholic conservatism) proposed that the State’s moral orientation, as well as the values of democracy and political participation, should be based on an integrated education that included the catholic religion as part of the individuals’ moral regeneration. On the other hand, the liberal elite devoted the public office to secularize education and create a rational society, freed from obscurantism and religious fanaticism. The conflict worsened when the Catholic Church lost the education monopoly with the Reform Laws (1855- 1863); then, a keen competition began with the State (Government) over the ideological and political control of society. Furthermore, the liberal political elite prevented the catholic conservatism from progressing and availed itself of (formal and informal) institutional resources to maintain and legitimatize its control of power...
This research is an attempt to answer the following question: Is there an ideological confluence process, throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries, between the Mexican Liberals and Conservatives in a nationalist education project? To answer it, the project analyses the historical ideological dispute related to education arising between the Mexican liberal elite and the catholic conservative elite (including the catholic hierarchy), in regard to the Church-State relations and the nation building process. In other words, this project analyses the construction of the nation in Mexico by means of education during the 1857-1982 period. The process formally initiated with the independence from Spain in 1821. Since then, the elites considered education as a fundamental tool to transmit their values and build the national emblems. The political elites understood that the monopoly of education provided them with advantages over their competitors, as it provided various institutional resources to exercise and maintain power. In the battle for control over education, the Catholic Church (and the catholic conservatism) proposed that the State’s moral orientation, as well as the values of democracy and political participation, should be based on an integrated education that included the catholic religion as part of the individuals’ moral regeneration. On the other hand, the liberal elite devoted the public office to secularize education and create a rational society, freed from obscurantism and religious fanaticism. The conflict worsened when the Catholic Church lost the education monopoly with the Reform Laws (1855- 1863); then, a keen competition began with the State (Government) over the ideological and political control of society. Furthermore, the liberal political elite prevented the catholic conservatism from progressing and availed itself of (formal and informal) institutional resources to maintain and legitimatize its control of power...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Ciencia Política y de la Administración II, leída el 05-02-2016