Publication: Situación nutricional y antioxidante de un colectivo de escolares españoles. Diferencias en función de la capacidad antioxidante de su dieta y de su composición corporal
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2016-08-04
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López-Sobaler, Ana María
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La etapa infantil tiene una gran importancia desde el punto de vista nutricional, para el presente y futuro de los individuos. La alimentación equilibrada desempeña un papel fundamental en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, permitiendo mantener un estado de salud óptimo y mejorando su calidad de vida. Además, en la edad infantil se establecen gran parte de los hábitos y estilos de vida que persistirán a lo largo de toda la vida, entre ellos se establecen y conforman los hábitos alimentarios y las bases de la educación nutricional. En un metabolismo aeróbico, como el que caracteriza al cuerpo humano, se precisa del oxígeno para la mayoría de los procesos biológicos cuyo fin último es obtener energía, es decir, se produce la oxidación de los diferentes sustratos para obtener dicha energía a través de diferentes rutas metabólicas. Esta utilización de oxígeno en los procesos metabólicos, implica inevitablemente la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) o radicales libres, que favorecen los procesos de oxidación. Para compensar estos procesos, existen en el cuerpo humano una serie de sistemas de protección antioxidante que permiten la eliminación o transformación de las ERO en moléculas estables. Los sistemas biológicos están, por lo tanto, en un estado de equilibrio entre sustancias prooxidantes y su capacidad antioxidante. El desequilibrio a favor de la acción prooxidante es lo que se conoce como "estrés oxidativo", que puede conducir al daño celular y tisular, y finalmente al desarrollo de diferentes enfermedades: cáncer, arteriosclerosis, infarto de miocardio, procesos de isquemia/reperfusión, diabetes mellitus, asfixia neonatal, enfermedades inflamatorias, trastornos del sistema nervioso central, envejecimiento, ... Dentro de la alimentación encontramos nutrientes que median en este equilibrio oxidante-antioxidante, habiendo nutrientes que participan en el sistema de defensa antioxidante (vitamina C y E, carotenoides, flavonoides, melanoidinas, selenio, zinc..) y también sustancias que pueden actuar como prooxidantes (exceso de lípidos, proteínas, hierro o cobre)...
The infant stage is very important from a nutritional point of view, for the present and future of individuals. A well balanced diet plays a key role in the growth and development of children, thereby maintaining a state of optimal health and improving their quality of life. Furthermore, in childhood many of the habits and lifestyles that persist throughout life sets, including the eating habits and nutrition education bases. In an aerobic metabolism, such as that characteristic of the human body, oxygen is required for most biological processes leading ultimately to get energy, so oxidation of different substrates to obtain this energy occurs through different metabolic pathways. This oxygen utilization in metabolic processes inevitably involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals, which favor oxidation processes. In the human body there are a number of antioxidant protection systems to compensate these processes, that allow the removal or transformation of ROS in stable molecules. Therefore, biological systems are in a state of balance between prooxidant and antioxidant substances. The imbalance in favor of the pro-oxidant action is what is known as "oxidative stress", which can lead to cell and tissue damage, and finally the development of different diseases: cancer, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, processes of ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes mellitus, neonatal asphyxia, inflammatory diseases, central nervous system disorders, aging, ... In our regular diet, there are different nutrients that mediate this oxidant-antioxidant balance. Some nutrients are involved in the antioxidant defense system (vitamin C and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, melanoidins, selenium, zinc ..) and also substances which may act as pro-oxidants (excess of lipids, proteins, iron or copper). The antioxidant nutrients situation of children has been linked to various health problems in the long term, as increased insulin resistance, bone and cognitive impairment, and increased cardiovascular risk or suffering from cancer ... all studies in this field, point to the importance of achieving adequate antioxidant protection, taking care, on one hand, the diet and moreover lifestyle. A healthy and active lifestyle, away from stress, pollution and snuff smoke also contributes to a situation more favorable in antioxidants for child's health, short and long term, and improve their quality of life...
The infant stage is very important from a nutritional point of view, for the present and future of individuals. A well balanced diet plays a key role in the growth and development of children, thereby maintaining a state of optimal health and improving their quality of life. Furthermore, in childhood many of the habits and lifestyles that persist throughout life sets, including the eating habits and nutrition education bases. In an aerobic metabolism, such as that characteristic of the human body, oxygen is required for most biological processes leading ultimately to get energy, so oxidation of different substrates to obtain this energy occurs through different metabolic pathways. This oxygen utilization in metabolic processes inevitably involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals, which favor oxidation processes. In the human body there are a number of antioxidant protection systems to compensate these processes, that allow the removal or transformation of ROS in stable molecules. Therefore, biological systems are in a state of balance between prooxidant and antioxidant substances. The imbalance in favor of the pro-oxidant action is what is known as "oxidative stress", which can lead to cell and tissue damage, and finally the development of different diseases: cancer, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, processes of ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes mellitus, neonatal asphyxia, inflammatory diseases, central nervous system disorders, aging, ... In our regular diet, there are different nutrients that mediate this oxidant-antioxidant balance. Some nutrients are involved in the antioxidant defense system (vitamin C and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, melanoidins, selenium, zinc ..) and also substances which may act as pro-oxidants (excess of lipids, proteins, iron or copper). The antioxidant nutrients situation of children has been linked to various health problems in the long term, as increased insulin resistance, bone and cognitive impairment, and increased cardiovascular risk or suffering from cancer ... all studies in this field, point to the importance of achieving adequate antioxidant protection, taking care, on one hand, the diet and moreover lifestyle. A healthy and active lifestyle, away from stress, pollution and snuff smoke also contributes to a situation more favorable in antioxidants for child's health, short and long term, and improve their quality of life...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), leída el 26-01-2016