Publication: Monitorización de los principales patógenos de las abejas para la detección de alertas y riesgos sanitarios
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2016-08-20
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Las abejas, principalmente la especie Apis mellifera, desarrollan una función biológica muy importante puesto que se encargan de polinizar diversos cultivos agrícolas y la flora silvestre de todo el mundo. No obstante, existen numerosos factores que influyen en el estado sanitario de las colonias de abejas y presentan además un alto grado de interacciones entre ellos. Algunos de los potenciales riesgos para la apicultura española ya han sido identificados, como por ejemplo las dos especies de microsporidios, Nosema apis y N. ceranae, que actúan como parásitos intracelulares obligados o los ectoparásitos Varroa destructor, Acarapis woodi o Braula coeca; así como numerosos virus capaces de infectar a Apis melífera, de los cuales los principales son el virus de las alas deformadas (DWV), el virus de las realeras negras (BQCV), el virus Kashmir (KBV), el virus de la parálisis aguda (ABPV) y su variante israelí (IAPV). Otras enfermedades que afectan fundamentalmente a la cría de abejas son la loque americana y la loque europea, ambas de origen bacteriano (Paenibacillus larvae y Melissococcus plutonius respectivamente), así como la ascosferosis causada por el hongo Ascosphaera apis. Otro riesgo potencial para las abejas es la posible entrada de agentes exóticos como el coleóptero Aethina tumida o el ácaro Tropilaelaps clareae cuya presencia en Europa debe ser declarada según la OIE (2015). Recientemente se ha incluido a los neogregarinos y tripanosomátidos como posibles agentes patógenos. Actualmente, N. ceranae junto con V. destructor son los principales agentes patógenos que producen problemas sanitarios de las colonias de abejas en Europa. Además, se considera que los patógenos podrían jugar un papel primordial en el incremento de mortalidad de las abejas detectado en distintos países durante los últimos años...
The bees, and the species Apis mellifera among them, provide an essential ecosystem service by pollinating many crops and wild flora worldwide. However, there are numerous factors that can influence the health of bee colonies, either acting in isolation or in combination, as some of them can present a high degree of interaction. Some of the potential risks for the Spanish beekeeping have already been identified, such as two species of microsporidia, Nosema apis and N. ceranae, which act as obligate intracellular parasites. Moreover, the ectoparasites Varroa destructor, Acarapis woodi or Braula coeca, as well as numerous viruses that can infect Apis mellifera, namely deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cells virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and his Israeli variant (IAPV), also represent a potential threat. Other diseases primarily affecting beekeeping are American foulbrood and European foulbrood, both of bacterial origin (Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius respectively) as well as ascosferosis caused by fungus Ascosphaera apis. Another potential risk to bees is the possible entry of exotic agents as the Aethina tumida beetle and Tropilaelaps clareae mite, whose presence in Europe should be declared (OIE, 2015). Neogregarines and trypanosomatids have been recently included as potential pathogens for the honeybee. Currently, N. ceranae and V. destructor are major pathogens causing health problems in honeybee colonies in Europe. In addition, it is considered that pathogens could play a major role in the increased mortality of honeybees detected in different countries in recent years...
The bees, and the species Apis mellifera among them, provide an essential ecosystem service by pollinating many crops and wild flora worldwide. However, there are numerous factors that can influence the health of bee colonies, either acting in isolation or in combination, as some of them can present a high degree of interaction. Some of the potential risks for the Spanish beekeeping have already been identified, such as two species of microsporidia, Nosema apis and N. ceranae, which act as obligate intracellular parasites. Moreover, the ectoparasites Varroa destructor, Acarapis woodi or Braula coeca, as well as numerous viruses that can infect Apis mellifera, namely deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cells virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and his Israeli variant (IAPV), also represent a potential threat. Other diseases primarily affecting beekeeping are American foulbrood and European foulbrood, both of bacterial origin (Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius respectively) as well as ascosferosis caused by fungus Ascosphaera apis. Another potential risk to bees is the possible entry of exotic agents as the Aethina tumida beetle and Tropilaelaps clareae mite, whose presence in Europe should be declared (OIE, 2015). Neogregarines and trypanosomatids have been recently included as potential pathogens for the honeybee. Currently, N. ceranae and V. destructor are major pathogens causing health problems in honeybee colonies in Europe. In addition, it is considered that pathogens could play a major role in the increased mortality of honeybees detected in different countries in recent years...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, leída el 15-01-2016