Publication: Actitudes, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de atletas participantes en los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona'92
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2002
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones
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Abstract
Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio nutricional en 126 atletas (92 hombres y 34 mujeres) participantes en la XXV olimpiada celebrada en Barcelona en 1992. Se obtuvo información mediante cuestionario sobre antropometría, actividad física, ingesta de alimentos (tecnica de recuerdo de 24 horas) y datos relacionados con actitudes y hábitos alimentarios de los atletas: conocimientos de nutrición, consumo de suplementos, preferencias y aversiones, etc. Se han estimado las ingestas recomendadas (IR) de energía y nutrientes para cada uno de los participantes en funcion del sexo, edad, actividad física, peso corporal y consumo de energía, con el fin de valorar la ingesta real mediante comparación con las mismas. Se ha juzgado la adecuación de: energía, hidratos de carbono, fibra dietética, lípidos totales y sus fracciones: ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (agm), ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (agp), ácidos grasos saturados (ags), colesterol, proteína, vitaminas: tiamina, riboflavina, equivalentes de niacina, B6, ácido fólico, B12, ácido ascórbico, equivalentes de retinol, D y E y minerales: calcio, hierro, magnesio, zinc, sodio y potasio. Además, como medida cualitativa de la dieta se han calculado los siguientes índices: perfil calórico y lipídico y relacion agp+agm/ags. Se observa que el gasto energético de los hombres (3281+-572kcal) es significativamente superior al de mujeres (2559+-437kcal) (p<0.001), debido a su mayor tasa metabólica basal, lo que les lleva a un consumo de alimentos superior excepto para los grupos de pescados y azúcares. El consumo de menores cantidades de alimentos que las habituales origina que la ingesta energética del 46% de la muestra no haga frente al gasto. El perfil calórico es adecuado: 17% proteína, 52% hidratos de carbono y 30% de lípidos. Dicho perfil, consecuencia del modelo dietético, está en consonancia con la búsqueda de los nutrientes considerados más importantes para el ejercicio físico: hidratos de carbono (54%) y proteínas (23%) y el rechazo de los perjudiciales: grasa (40%) y dulces (21%) y con sus preferencias: pasta (24%), carne (21%), dulces (13%) y frutas y/o zumos (12%) y aversiones, verduras (21%). La vitamina E es la que presenta valores más insuficientes 32+-21 y 29+-16% para hombres y mujeres respectivamente. Entre mujeres se observan además ingestas deficitarias de ácido fólico (80+-40%), vitamina D (71+-151%), hierro (59+-21%), magnesio (81+-28%) y zinc (64+-26%). Estas deficiencias podrían ser subsanadas por el hecho de que el 72% de los atletas consume suplementos: vitaminas (55%) y minerales (39%)
A nutritional study was carried out in 126 athletes (92 men and 34 women) participating in the XXV Olympiad held in Barcelona in 1992. Information was obtained through a questionnaire on anthropometry, physical activity, food intake (24-hour recall technique ) and data related to athletes' attitudes and eating habits: knowledge of nutrition, consumption of supplements, preferences and aversions, etc. The recommended intakes (IR) of energy and nutrients for each of the participants have been estimated based on sex, age, physical activity, body weight and energy consumption, in order to assess the actual intake by comparison with them. The suitability of: energy, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total lipids and their fractions has been judged: monounsaturated fatty acids (agm), polyunsaturated fatty acids (agp), saturated fatty acids (ags), cholesterol, protein, vitamins: thiamine , riboflavin, niacin equivalents, B6, folic acid, B12, ascorbic acid, retinol equivalents, D and E and minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, sodium and potassium. Furthermore, as a qualitative measure of diet, the following indices have been calculated: caloric and lipid profile and agp + agm / ags ratio. It is observed that the energy expenditure of men (3281 + -572kcal) is significantly higher than that of women (2559 + -437kcal) (p <0.001), due to their higher basal metabolic rate, which leads to food consumption. higher except for groups of fish and sugars. The consumption of smaller amounts of food than usual causes that the energy intake of 46% of the sample does not meet the expense. The caloric profile is adequate: 17% protein, 52% carbohydrates and 30% lipids. This profile, a consequence of the dietary model, is in line with the search for the nutrients considered most important for physical exercise: carbohydrates (54%) and proteins (23%) and the rejection of the harmful ones: fat (40%) and sweets (21%) and with their preferences: pasta (24%), meat (21%), sweets (13%) and fruits and / or juices (12%) and aversions, vegetables (21%). Vitamin E is the one with the most insufficient values 32 + -21 and 29 + -16% for men and women, respectively. Among women, deficiency intakes of folic acid (80 + -40%), vitamin D (71 + -151%), iron (59 + -21%), magnesium (81 + -28%) and zinc (64+) are also observed. -26%). These deficiencies could be remedied by the fact that 72% of athletes consume supplements: vitamins (55%) and minerals (39%).
A nutritional study was carried out in 126 athletes (92 men and 34 women) participating in the XXV Olympiad held in Barcelona in 1992. Information was obtained through a questionnaire on anthropometry, physical activity, food intake (24-hour recall technique ) and data related to athletes' attitudes and eating habits: knowledge of nutrition, consumption of supplements, preferences and aversions, etc. The recommended intakes (IR) of energy and nutrients for each of the participants have been estimated based on sex, age, physical activity, body weight and energy consumption, in order to assess the actual intake by comparison with them. The suitability of: energy, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total lipids and their fractions has been judged: monounsaturated fatty acids (agm), polyunsaturated fatty acids (agp), saturated fatty acids (ags), cholesterol, protein, vitamins: thiamine , riboflavin, niacin equivalents, B6, folic acid, B12, ascorbic acid, retinol equivalents, D and E and minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, sodium and potassium. Furthermore, as a qualitative measure of diet, the following indices have been calculated: caloric and lipid profile and agp + agm / ags ratio. It is observed that the energy expenditure of men (3281 + -572kcal) is significantly higher than that of women (2559 + -437kcal) (p <0.001), due to their higher basal metabolic rate, which leads to food consumption. higher except for groups of fish and sugars. The consumption of smaller amounts of food than usual causes that the energy intake of 46% of the sample does not meet the expense. The caloric profile is adequate: 17% protein, 52% carbohydrates and 30% lipids. This profile, a consequence of the dietary model, is in line with the search for the nutrients considered most important for physical exercise: carbohydrates (54%) and proteins (23%) and the rejection of the harmful ones: fat (40%) and sweets (21%) and with their preferences: pasta (24%), meat (21%), sweets (13%) and fruits and / or juices (12%) and aversions, vegetables (21%). Vitamin E is the one with the most insufficient values 32 + -21 and 29 + -16% for men and women, respectively. Among women, deficiency intakes of folic acid (80 + -40%), vitamin D (71 + -151%), iron (59 + -21%), magnesium (81 + -28%) and zinc (64+) are also observed. -26%). These deficiencies could be remedied by the fact that 72% of athletes consume supplements: vitamins (55%) and minerals (39%).
Description
Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), leída el 16-12-1994