Publication: Ley de la Jurisdicción Voluntaria y Derecho internacional privado
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2016
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Abstract
En materia de Derecho internacional privado la nueva Ley de la Jurisdicción Voluntaria opta básicamente por remitirse de manera genérica a otras disposiciones de nuestro ordenamiento, incluidos los convenios internacionales y los instrumentos de la UE. La aplicación de las normas de competencia internacional puede plantear significativas particularidades en el ámbito de la jurisdicción voluntaria, en especial, con respecto a la concreción de las reglas relevantes, el alcance de ciertos mecanismos de flexibilización, la actividad de los operadores no jurisdiccionales y la coordinación con las reglas de competencia interna. En el ámbito del Derecho aplicable, la peculiar vinculación entre normativa material y procesal dificulta su delimitación y aconseja la coordinación entre los criterios de competencia y la determinación de la ley aplicable. Los intereses objeto de protección en los expedientes de jurisdicción voluntaria pueden justificar un tratamiento parcialmente diferenciado en lo relativo a la aplicación del Derecho extranjero. En materia de reconocimiento de resoluciones, ámbito en el que la nueva Ley sí incluye ciertas disposiciones específicas, presenta gran interés el análisis de las resoluciones susceptibles de reconocimiento, el régimen de inscripción registral, los motivos de denegación del reconocimiento y la coordinación con las normas incluidas en otras recientes reformas.
Other than in the field of recognition of foreign judgments, the new Non-contentious Proceedings Act does not include specific provisions on Private International Law, since it basically contains an overall referral to the application of the jurisdiction and choice of law rules established in the laws, treaties and EU instruments currently in force in Spain. This contribution discusses the specific issues raised by the application of the jurisdiction rules in the framework of non-contentious proceedings, including its significance for public authorities other than courts of justice and its coordination with the provisions on domestic competence. The close connection between procedure and substantantive law which characterizes non-contentious proceedings favours the coordination between the jurisdiction and the choice of law rules. The importance and nature of the interests at stake and the potential impact on the status of persons in need of protection influence the development of a significant number of non contentious proceedings and seem to favour a more active role of the judicial authorities in the ascertaining and proof of foreign law in those situations. The provisions on the recognition of foreign judgments of the new Act allow the recognition of final judgments in Spain without any special procedure being required. This is of particular significance for the registration of foreign judgments in Spanish public registers. However, given the great diversity of non-contentious proceedings, the determination of which ones may result in a final judgment entitled to recognition and the effects that may produce deserve particular attention. Finally, the approach of the new act with respect to the grounds for non recognition is subject to a critical analysis in the light of other recent reforms in the field.
Other than in the field of recognition of foreign judgments, the new Non-contentious Proceedings Act does not include specific provisions on Private International Law, since it basically contains an overall referral to the application of the jurisdiction and choice of law rules established in the laws, treaties and EU instruments currently in force in Spain. This contribution discusses the specific issues raised by the application of the jurisdiction rules in the framework of non-contentious proceedings, including its significance for public authorities other than courts of justice and its coordination with the provisions on domestic competence. The close connection between procedure and substantantive law which characterizes non-contentious proceedings favours the coordination between the jurisdiction and the choice of law rules. The importance and nature of the interests at stake and the potential impact on the status of persons in need of protection influence the development of a significant number of non contentious proceedings and seem to favour a more active role of the judicial authorities in the ascertaining and proof of foreign law in those situations. The provisions on the recognition of foreign judgments of the new Act allow the recognition of final judgments in Spain without any special procedure being required. This is of particular significance for the registration of foreign judgments in Spanish public registers. However, given the great diversity of non-contentious proceedings, the determination of which ones may result in a final judgment entitled to recognition and the effects that may produce deserve particular attention. Finally, the approach of the new act with respect to the grounds for non recognition is subject to a critical analysis in the light of other recent reforms in the field.