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Desigualdad y desarrollo: Un examen de la curva de Kuznets

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2016-09
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En la presente tesina se estudiará la curva de Kuznets, con el fin de revisar si la hipótesis sobre la desigualdad y el desarrollo que enunció en su artículo de 1955 (Esta hipótesis es: cuando una economía tradicional se desarrolla aumenta su nivel de desigualdad, hasta llegar a la industrialización, punto a partir del cual disminuirá el nivel de desigualdad) se verifica o no al utilizar los datos disponibles en la actualidad, más numerosos tanto en países como en períodos disponibles, que cuando Kuznets realizó su estudio. El enfoque que hace singular esta investigación es que se realizará tanto desde el medio plazo (por lustros) como a largo plazo (décadas). De este, se observa que en la actualidad, con los datos y metodología Pooled OLS y efectos fijos, parece verificarse la hipótesis sobre el comportamiento de la desigualdad en relación con el desarrollo propuesta por Kuznets, aunque de forma no robusta, pues al tomar como medida de desigualdad otra variable distinta del índice de Gini, como el ratio entre la renta acumulada por el 20% de la población más rica y el 20% más pobre, parece no hallarse la relación descrita por Kuznets.
In the present thesis, the Kuznets Curve will be taken as an object of study with the final purpose of checking whether the hypothesis on Inequality and Economic Growth, enunciated by Simon Kuznets in the year 1955, is verified or not by using the data available nowadays, more numerous both in countries and in existing periods than when the author carried out this hypothesis (the mentioned theory is based on the fact that, when a traditional economy experiences any kind of development, its level of inequality increases until it reaches industrialization, a period from which this level will decrease). The approach which makes this research unique, is the fact of being conducted both from the medium term (per lustrum) and long term (per decades). From this point, we can see that at present, making use of the data, Pooled OLS estimation and fixed effects model, it seems the hypothesis about the behavior of inequality in relation to the development, proposed by Kuznets, is verified although not robustly. This is because when we use as a measure of inequality another variable different from Gini Coefficient, e.g. the ratio between accumulated income by 20% of the richest population and by the poorest 20%, which shows us that this relationship raised by Kuznets is not found.
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