Publication: Espacios públicos de ocio en el Madrid de Felipe II y Felipe III
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2016-10-10
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El presente trabajo se ocupa de los principales espacios públicos de ocio en Madrid entre 1561, momento en que Felipe II estableció la Corte en la Villa, y el final del reinado de Felipe III. Primeramente se hace una aproximación al significado y evolución de los paseos públicos en general, ocupándonos de algunos ejemplos españoles, de la América española y de Europa. Una interesante conclusión planteada es que el Prado de San Jerónimo responde a un tipo nuevo de espacio público para el paseo, surgido en los años inmediatamente posteriores al establecimiento de la Corte en Madrid en 1561, por voluntad de Felipe II, en tanto la mayoría de los paseos públicos cortesanos tanto españoles como americanos y europeos surgieron con posterioridad, la mayoría de ellos en los siglos XVIII yXIX, o bien fueron inicialmente espacios privados (jardines y parques de la nobleza y la realeza) y terminarían convirtiéndose en espacios públicos en esas mismas épocas. Salir al exterior de las poblaciones a pasear, a tomar el aire, fue una actividad considerada por los teóricos muy recomendable e incluso necesaria como medida profiláctica, por motivos higiénico-sanitarios. Pero nomenos importantes son las connotaciones sociales de la actividad del paseo, que en la época estudiada era propia, muy en especial, de las clases sociales más altas; estos paseos, como actividad y como espacios, tuvieron habitualmente un carácter predominantemente cortesano. Por su carácter público no había limitaciones para el acceso a los paseos cortesanos de miembros de grupos sociales menos favorecidos, como en cambio las había en los jardines y parques privados, pero el paseo de los caballeros en determinadas horas y épocas del año era de especial importancia en un sistema basado en redes familiares y clientelares. Por ello, el Prado de San Jerónimo tuvo un especial significado en unos años en que Madrid, no sin vacilaciones, terminó convirtiéndose en sede estable y definitiva de la Corte. Por otra parte, existían a la vez en Madrid espacios públicos para el ocio de carácter más popular, como fueron las Vistillas o las riberas del Manzanares, Leganitos y su entorno, la Cuesta de la Vega, aunque tampoco fuesen desdeñados por los caballeros de más elevada posición social. Uno de los elementos esenciales de los paseos cortesanos como fue el Prado de San Jerónimo, junto al agua (las fuentes y estanques) y la vegetación, y al que se dedica especial atención en este trabajo, fue la música; en la primera parte del estudio hacemos también una aproximación a la figura de los músicos, generalmente municipales, que amenizaban el paseo de los caballeros: ministriles, waits, Stadtpfeiferei, trompetas, a menudo desde lo alto de torres o balcones. Volvemos a ocuparnos de ellos, centrándonos en el caso de Madrid, al estudiar la torrecilla de música del Prado. La temprana aparición y el desarrollo del Prado de San Jerónimo son situados históricamente en el contexto del proceso de asentamiento de la Corte en Madrid y de consolidación de la Villa como su sede estable y definitiva tras el traslado a Valladolid entre 1601 y 1606. Por ello, se hace una aproximación al desarrollo de la villa y a las circunstancias históricas en los límites cronológicos señalados. Para realizar este estudio se ha recurrido a diversos fondos documentales, pero especialmente los del Archivo de Villa, y dentro de él los libros de acuerdos municipales.
The present study deals with the main public spaces of leisure in Madrid between 1561, when Philip II established the Court in the town, and the end of Philip III reign, being El Prado de San Jerónimo one of the most out-standing among them. First a general approach to the meaning and evolution of the public walks in Europe is done, with some Spanish examples, as well as Spanish American and European. An interesting conclusion given is that El Prado de San Jerónimo is a new kind of walking public space, born in the Court establishment early years in Madrid 1561, due to Felipe II’s will. Meanwhile the majority of public Court walks in Spain, America and Europe appeared later, most of them during XVIII and XIX centuries, being some of them at first private spaces (nobility and royalty gardens), which ended converted in public spaces during those years. Going out for a walk to breath fresh air was considered by theorists highly recommended and even necessary as a prophylactic measure, for hygienic reasons. But no less important are the social connotations of the promenade, of which the higher social classes were very fond in the studied period; these rides and open air activities, had usually a courtier prevailing character. Their public character supposes no limitations for the access to the social groups members' least favoured, whereas they were not easily admitted in private gardens and parks. But the gentlemen’s promenade in certain hours and epochs of the year performed special importance in a society based on familiar and patronage system. That’s why El Prado de San Jerónimo had a special meaning in the few years in which Madrid, not without hesitations, turned into stable and definitive headquarters of the Court. On the other hand, public spaces existed simultaneously in Madrid for a more popular leisure, like las Vistillas, the Manzanares banks, Leganitos and its environment, the Vega slope and these places were not at all disdained by gentlemen of higher social status. An essential element of the court walks, like el Prado de San Jerónimo, among water (fountains and reservoirs) and vegetation, was music, to which this work devotes a special attention. The first part of the study is an approach to musicians, usually council workers, who entertained the gentlemen’s walks: ministriles, waits, Stadpfeiferei, trumpets who used to play in top of towers and balconies. We will talk of them again when the music little tower in el Prado was studied. The Prado de San Jerónimo early appearance and development are historically situated during the process of settlement of the Court in Madrid and its consolidation as stable and permanent headquarter, after the move to Valladolid between 1601 and 1606. For that an approach to the villa’s development and historical circumstances is done in these years. To achieve this task have been essential several documentary collections, especially those of the Madrid Council Archive and its local books of agreement.
The present study deals with the main public spaces of leisure in Madrid between 1561, when Philip II established the Court in the town, and the end of Philip III reign, being El Prado de San Jerónimo one of the most out-standing among them. First a general approach to the meaning and evolution of the public walks in Europe is done, with some Spanish examples, as well as Spanish American and European. An interesting conclusion given is that El Prado de San Jerónimo is a new kind of walking public space, born in the Court establishment early years in Madrid 1561, due to Felipe II’s will. Meanwhile the majority of public Court walks in Spain, America and Europe appeared later, most of them during XVIII and XIX centuries, being some of them at first private spaces (nobility and royalty gardens), which ended converted in public spaces during those years. Going out for a walk to breath fresh air was considered by theorists highly recommended and even necessary as a prophylactic measure, for hygienic reasons. But no less important are the social connotations of the promenade, of which the higher social classes were very fond in the studied period; these rides and open air activities, had usually a courtier prevailing character. Their public character supposes no limitations for the access to the social groups members' least favoured, whereas they were not easily admitted in private gardens and parks. But the gentlemen’s promenade in certain hours and epochs of the year performed special importance in a society based on familiar and patronage system. That’s why El Prado de San Jerónimo had a special meaning in the few years in which Madrid, not without hesitations, turned into stable and definitive headquarters of the Court. On the other hand, public spaces existed simultaneously in Madrid for a more popular leisure, like las Vistillas, the Manzanares banks, Leganitos and its environment, the Vega slope and these places were not at all disdained by gentlemen of higher social status. An essential element of the court walks, like el Prado de San Jerónimo, among water (fountains and reservoirs) and vegetation, was music, to which this work devotes a special attention. The first part of the study is an approach to musicians, usually council workers, who entertained the gentlemen’s walks: ministriles, waits, Stadpfeiferei, trumpets who used to play in top of towers and balconies. We will talk of them again when the music little tower in el Prado was studied. The Prado de San Jerónimo early appearance and development are historically situated during the process of settlement of the Court in Madrid and its consolidation as stable and permanent headquarter, after the move to Valladolid between 1601 and 1606. For that an approach to the villa’s development and historical circumstances is done in these years. To achieve this task have been essential several documentary collections, especially those of the Madrid Council Archive and its local books of agreement.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Historia del Arte II (Moderno), leída el 15/01/2016