Publication: Diseño, optimización y validación de sistemas de amplificación genómica para el diagnóstico de malaria y filariosis humanas
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2016-11-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Las enfermedades parasitarias o parasitosis son un conjunto de enfermedades infecciosas producidas por protozoos, helmintos, e incluso artrópodos. La enfermedad parasitaria más importante es la malaria que está incluida en la lista de enfermedades de la pobreza. Otras enfermedades parasitarias han sido incluidas en las denominadas enfermedades olvidadas o desatendidas (NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases) entre las que se encuentran las filariosis linfática y onchocercosis. La malaria está causada por el género Plasmodium (protozoos apicomplexo) Las especies que pueden causar la infección en humanos son: P. falciparum. P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale y P. knowlesi. Las filarias son nematodos finos y largos, parásitos de la sangre, la linfa y los tejidos subcutáneos y conectivos que producen en el humano la filariosis. Su transmisión se produce por insectos hematófagos (mosquitos y moscas) que actúan como vectores. Las especies de filarias de interés clínico para los humanos son Wuchereria. bancrofti, Brugia. malayi y B. timori (filariosis linfática), Onchocerca volvulus, Loa. loa y Mansonella streptocerca (filarias dérmicas), y Mansonella perstans y M. ozzardi (mansonelosis). Todas ellas presentan estadios larvales, conocidos como microfilarias (L1), que circulan en sangre o en tejido subcutáneo que son las formas infectivas para los vectores. En el Laboratorio de Malaria & otras Parasitosis Emergentes se ha desarrollado una PCR en tiempo real para malaria (Malaria RT-PCR), una Nested-PCR para filarias (Nested-Filaria PCR) y una PCR en tiempo real para filarias (RT-Filaria-PCR) como Sistemas de Análisis Múltiple para la detección de varias especies de plasmodios y varias especies de filarias en muestras de cualquier índole como indicador que los Sistemas de Análisis Múltiple son comparativamente superiores a los métodos de detección individual y a la microscopía sin perder sensibilidad y especificidad. Todos los métodos desarrollados han dado muy buenos resultados en cuanto a sensibilidad y especificidad frente a los métodos tradicionales, de tal manera que hoy en día se usan en el Laboratorio de Malaria & otras Parasitosis Emergentes como métodos de referencia, planteando la posibilidad de usar el método de las filarias para un estudio actualizado de la distribución y prevalencia de las filarias en las zonas endémicas.
Parasitic diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, and even arthropods. The most important parasitic disease is malaria which is included in the list of diseases of poverty. Other parasitic diseases have been included in Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) among them are the lymphatic filariasis and onchocercosis. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium (protozoa apicomplexo) The species that can cause infection in humans are: P. falciparum. P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. Filarial worms are thin and long nematodes, parasites of blood, lymph and subcutaneous and connective tissues that cause in humans filariasis disease. Its transmission is by blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes and flies) that act as vectors. Filarial species of clinical interest for humans are Wuchereria. bancrofti, Brugia. malayi and B. timori (lymphatic filariasis), Onchocerca volvulus, Loa. loa and Mansonella streptocerca (filarial skin), and Mansonella perstans and M. ozzardi (mansonelliasis). All of them present larvae, known as microfilariae (L1), which circulate in blood or in subcutaneous tissue forms that are infective for vectors. In the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory has developed a Realtime PCR for malaria (RT-Malaria-PCR), a Nested-PCR for filarias (Nested-Filaria PCR) and Real-time PCR for filarias (RT-Filaria-PCR) for the detection of several species of plasmodia and various filarial species in samples of any origin, like an indicator that Systems of Multiple Analysis are comparatively higher than individual detection methods and microscopy without losing sensitivity and specificity. All methods developed have been very successful in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional methods, today they are used in the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory as reference methods, and suggesting the possibility of using the filarial method to update the knowledge about distribution and prevalence of filarial in endemic areas.
Parasitic diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, and even arthropods. The most important parasitic disease is malaria which is included in the list of diseases of poverty. Other parasitic diseases have been included in Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) among them are the lymphatic filariasis and onchocercosis. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium (protozoa apicomplexo) The species that can cause infection in humans are: P. falciparum. P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. Filarial worms are thin and long nematodes, parasites of blood, lymph and subcutaneous and connective tissues that cause in humans filariasis disease. Its transmission is by blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes and flies) that act as vectors. Filarial species of clinical interest for humans are Wuchereria. bancrofti, Brugia. malayi and B. timori (lymphatic filariasis), Onchocerca volvulus, Loa. loa and Mansonella streptocerca (filarial skin), and Mansonella perstans and M. ozzardi (mansonelliasis). All of them present larvae, known as microfilariae (L1), which circulate in blood or in subcutaneous tissue forms that are infective for vectors. In the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory has developed a Realtime PCR for malaria (RT-Malaria-PCR), a Nested-PCR for filarias (Nested-Filaria PCR) and Real-time PCR for filarias (RT-Filaria-PCR) for the detection of several species of plasmodia and various filarial species in samples of any origin, like an indicator that Systems of Multiple Analysis are comparatively higher than individual detection methods and microscopy without losing sensitivity and specificity. All methods developed have been very successful in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional methods, today they are used in the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory as reference methods, and suggesting the possibility of using the filarial method to update the knowledge about distribution and prevalence of filarial in endemic areas.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Parasitología, leída el 03/02/2016