Publication: Políticas activas de empleo en la UE en tiempos de crisis económica
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2017-01-12
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Las políticas activas de empleo constituyen un campo complejo de estudio. Durante estos años de crisis económica se ha cuestionado su eficacia, abriéndose un debate académico, político y social acerca de cómo tratar mejor los problemas del mercado laboral en periodos de crisis económica. Tres dimensiones políticas son relevantes en términos de mantener un buen funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo: la legislación de protección laboral, las políticas activas del mercado de trabajo y las medidas de apoyo a través de prestaciones por desempleo que dan una protección en forma de renta a los desempleados (políticas pasivas). Esta investigación tiene por objeto analizar la importancia y el diseño de las políticas activas de empleo que se han venido desarrollando en el difícil contexto económico actual de la Unión Europea. El funcionamiento adecuado de estas políticas, en sus vertientes de promoción y creación de empleo; intermediación y activación; educación y formación, se erigen como instrumentos claves para la dinamización de los mercados laborales en Europa. Para realizar este estudio se han identificado y agrupado las medidas fundamentales de las políticas activas de empleo de la UE durante estos años de crisis en 10 clústeres que han permitido llevar a cabo un análisis comparativo de las medidas implementadas. A su vez, se ha elaborado un mapa de las 579 medidas en políticas activas recogidas en los clústeres y se han clasificado sobre la base de tres criterios comunes (país de procedencia, objetivo y colectivo destinatario). Este mapa es el que nos ha servido para hacer las comparaciones entre las medidas de políticas activas sobre la base de un común denominador. A través del análisis comparativo, se han identificado aquellas medidas consideradas como “buenas prácticas” por la Unión Europea y que sirven como aprendizaje mutuo para la transferencia de información entre los Estados miembros. Estas buenas prácticas se han centrado en los desafíos comunes que ha planteado la crisis económica en los mercados laborales europeos: desempleo juvenil, desempleo de larga duración y segmentación laboral. Los principales resultados a los que se llega, ponen de manifiesto que existe una gran divergencia entre las medidas de políticas activas aplicadas por los países europeos durante estos años de crisis. La política comunitaria de empleo ha ido gestándose sin una verdadera coordinación de los Estados miembros respondiendo a la evolución económica y del desempleo lo que dificulta lograr una política de empleo común en la UE.
Active employment policies constitute a complex field of study. Along these years of economic crisis, their effectiveness has been questioned, leading to an academic, political and social debate about what is the best way to address the problems of the labour market in periods of economic crisis. Three policy dimensions are relevant in order to maintain well-functioning labour markets: employment protection legislation; active policies of the labour market and support measures through unemployment benefits that provide a form of income protection for the unemployed (passive policies). This research aims to analyse the importance and the design of active employment policies that have been recently developed in the current difficult economic context of the European Union. The adequate working of these policies, regarding employment promotion and job creation, are key factors in order to achieve the dynamisation of the European labour markets. In order to carry out this research, we have identified and grouped the fundamental measures of active employment policies of the EU along these years of crisis in 10 clusters which have made possible to accomplish a comparative analysis of the implemented measures. At the same time, a map of the 579 active policy measures contained in clusters has been developed, and these measures have been classified based on three common criteria (country of origin, purpose and target group). This map is the one that has helped us to make comparisons between measures of active policies on the basis of a common denominator. Through comparative analysis, we have identified those measures considered as "good practices" by the European Union and that serve as Mutual Learning for the information transfer within Member States. These good practices have focused on common challenges raised by the economic crisis in the European labour market: youth unemployment, long term unemployment and labour segmentation. The main results obtained show that there is a great divergence between measures of active policies pursued by European countries during these years of crisis. Community employment policy has been taking shape without an effective coordination of the Member States in response to the economic and unemployment fluctuations, making difficult to achieve an effective common employment policy in the EU.
Active employment policies constitute a complex field of study. Along these years of economic crisis, their effectiveness has been questioned, leading to an academic, political and social debate about what is the best way to address the problems of the labour market in periods of economic crisis. Three policy dimensions are relevant in order to maintain well-functioning labour markets: employment protection legislation; active policies of the labour market and support measures through unemployment benefits that provide a form of income protection for the unemployed (passive policies). This research aims to analyse the importance and the design of active employment policies that have been recently developed in the current difficult economic context of the European Union. The adequate working of these policies, regarding employment promotion and job creation, are key factors in order to achieve the dynamisation of the European labour markets. In order to carry out this research, we have identified and grouped the fundamental measures of active employment policies of the EU along these years of crisis in 10 clusters which have made possible to accomplish a comparative analysis of the implemented measures. At the same time, a map of the 579 active policy measures contained in clusters has been developed, and these measures have been classified based on three common criteria (country of origin, purpose and target group). This map is the one that has helped us to make comparisons between measures of active policies on the basis of a common denominator. Through comparative analysis, we have identified those measures considered as "good practices" by the European Union and that serve as Mutual Learning for the information transfer within Member States. These good practices have focused on common challenges raised by the economic crisis in the European labour market: youth unemployment, long term unemployment and labour segmentation. The main results obtained show that there is a great divergence between measures of active policies pursued by European countries during these years of crisis. Community employment policy has been taking shape without an effective coordination of the Member States in response to the economic and unemployment fluctuations, making difficult to achieve an effective common employment policy in the EU.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Aplicada III (Política Económica), leída el 30/10/2015