Publication: El estudio de la edad para la identificación humana: estudio antropológico forense en el complejo articular del hombro y en el esternón para la estimación de la mayoría de edad legal y de la edad de la muerte
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2017-02-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La reciente demanda de estudios que requieren la estimación de la edad en la Administración de Justicia, ha hecho que tengan que aumentar las investigaciones en el campo de la Antropología Forense, con el fin de responder de la manera más eficaz a las preguntas que se formulan. La Antropología Forense es una subdisciplina reciente, que se remonta a principios del siglo XX, que se encuentra incluida dentro de la Antropología Física y muy vinculada a la Medicina Legal, cuyo objetivo principal es la realización del perfil biológico de una persona con fines identificativos. La identificación de una persona es un proceso sistemático y riguroso que exige el estudio de varios parámetros. Uno de los más importantes, por la relevante información que aporta a la investigación policial, es la estimación de la edad. Para su estudio es necesario conocer los cambios morfológicos que van a ocurriendo en el esqueleto humano con el paso del tiempo, para poder compararlos con los patrones descritos en poblaciones de referencia de edades conocidas, teniendo en cuenta las variaciones propias de los distintos grupos poblacionales, del dimorfismo sexual o de algunos caracteres epigenéticos. Los métodos que se aplican para la estimación de la edad son muy diferentes dependiendo del caso que se quiera abordar; en casos de sujetos subadultos que no han alcanzado la madurez ósea, los métodos están basados en los patrones de crecimiento y desarrollo de los huesos y dientes, mientras que en casos de sujetos adultos que ya han alcanzado la madurez ósea, los métodos están basados en los cambios degenerativos que sufre el esqueleto humano con el paso del tiempo. En sujetos subadultos, los patrones de crecimiento siguen un proceso homogéneo que es fácilmente predecible. La maduración de huesos y dientes ha sido estudiada en numerosas ocasiones y sobre muy distintas poblaciones y, salvo excepciones, los resultados que se obtienen de dichos métodos son bastante fiables y cercanos a la realidad...
Forensic Anthropology is a recent subdiscipline, dating back to the early twentieth century, which is included within the Physical Anthropology and closely linked to the Legal Medicine, and whose main objective is the development of the biological profile of a person for identification purposes. Identification is a systematic and rigorous process that requires several parameters of study, of which, one of the most important is age estimation. For its study is necessary to know the morphological changes that occur in the human skeleton to compare them with the patterns described in reference collections of individuals with known age, taking into account the specific characteristics of different population groups, sexual dimorphism or some epigenetic characters. The recent demand by the Administration of Justice of studies that require the estimation of age in the context of Forensic Anthropology compelled an increase of researches regarding the improvement of the current techniques. The methods used for estimating age are very different depending on the cases; for subadult individuals, who have not reached skeletal maturity, the methods are based on the patterns of growth and development of bones and teeth; while, for adult subjects, who have already reached the bone maturity, the methods are based on degenerative changes experienced by the human skeleton. In subadult subjects, growth patterns follow a homogeneous process that is easily predictable. The maturation of bones and teeth has been studied repeatedly in very different populations, with quite reliable results. In this line of research is where the estimation of the legal age can be found. These studies are based on the use of the age estimation in a legal context in order to implement the rights to undocumented children who arrive in any member country of the European Community. These studies are also used in order to properly apply the criminal code and protect individuals in cases of children who may have committed a crime...
Forensic Anthropology is a recent subdiscipline, dating back to the early twentieth century, which is included within the Physical Anthropology and closely linked to the Legal Medicine, and whose main objective is the development of the biological profile of a person for identification purposes. Identification is a systematic and rigorous process that requires several parameters of study, of which, one of the most important is age estimation. For its study is necessary to know the morphological changes that occur in the human skeleton to compare them with the patterns described in reference collections of individuals with known age, taking into account the specific characteristics of different population groups, sexual dimorphism or some epigenetic characters. The recent demand by the Administration of Justice of studies that require the estimation of age in the context of Forensic Anthropology compelled an increase of researches regarding the improvement of the current techniques. The methods used for estimating age are very different depending on the cases; for subadult individuals, who have not reached skeletal maturity, the methods are based on the patterns of growth and development of bones and teeth; while, for adult subjects, who have already reached the bone maturity, the methods are based on degenerative changes experienced by the human skeleton. In subadult subjects, growth patterns follow a homogeneous process that is easily predictable. The maturation of bones and teeth has been studied repeatedly in very different populations, with quite reliable results. In this line of research is where the estimation of the legal age can be found. These studies are based on the use of the age estimation in a legal context in order to implement the rights to undocumented children who arrive in any member country of the European Community. These studies are also used in order to properly apply the criminal code and protect individuals in cases of children who may have committed a crime...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, leída el 25/09/2015