Publication: El análisis de contenido del proteccionismo en la campaña electoral de Francia de 2012
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2017-03-28
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Las dificultades del Estado para hacer frente a atentados terroristas como los producidos el pasado 13 de noviembre de 2015 en París, o los más recientes del 22 de marzo de 2016 en Bruselas o del 14 de julio en Niza, han puesto de relieve las vulnerabilidades de las sociedades democráticas ante fenómenos no convencionales que suponen un reto para las capacidades de sus gobiernos, y con ello, de sus líderes políticos. La discusión en torno a las políticas de defensa y seguridad común que han tenido lugar en el marco de la Unión Europea entre sus miembros, o bien, sobre las estrategias geopolíticas atlánticas en el marco de la OTAN con sus socios americanos, tienen como principio la necesidad de cooperación entre sus Estados, para viabilizar el esfuerzo individual parcial hacia derroteros comunes más amplios. La globalización, la cara económica actual de la realidad internacional, también sobrepasa la lógica del funcionamiento de los Estados, y a pesar de que es un producto de la política desarrollada por ellos mediante el fomento al comercio y libre mercado, sus consecuencias y la ausencia de supervisión estatal en sus mecanismos puede desencadenar desastres y problemas como en 2008 con el sistema financiero internacional. Inseguridad y globalización han ido tejiendo – conduciendo – las políticas de los Estados, compartiendo poder con organizaciones privadas (legales e ilegales) que no están sometidas a mecanismos de legitimación de su poder por los ciudadanos; por lo que no están compelidas por un marco de actuación específico ni por mandatos definidos. Se trata, pues, de una cierta homologación del poder entre los Estados democráticos y organizaciones no democráticas, en esferas de competencias en un empeño por lograr una mejor posición en áreas antes reservadas, en exclusiva, a la voluntad de los gobiernos...
The difficulties of the State to deal with terrorist attacks like those produced last November 13, 2015 in Paris, or the most recent of 22 March 2016 in Brussels (and on 26 July in Nice), have highlighted the vulnerabilities of democratic societies to unconventional phenomena which pose a challenge to the capabilities of their governments, and thus their political leaders. The discussion about defense policies and common security that have taken place in the framework of the European Union among its members or, on the Atlantic geopolitical strategies in the framework of NATO with its American partners have as a principle the need for cooperation among States, in order to make possible the partial individual effort towards broader common paths. Globalization, the current economic face of international reality, also exceeds the logic of the functioning of States, and although it is a product of the policy developed by them through the means of trade and free market encouragement, its consequences and the absence of State oversight mechanisms can trigger disasters and problems as in 2008 with the international financial system. Insecurity and globalization have woven - driven - policies of States, sharing their power with private organizations - both legal and illegal - that are not subject to mechanisms of legitimation of power by citizens; so they are not compelled by a specific policy framework nor defined mandates. It is, therefore, a certain kind of approval of power between democratic States and undemocratic organizations, in areas of competence in an effort to achieve a better position in areas previously reserved, exclusively, to the will of governments...
The difficulties of the State to deal with terrorist attacks like those produced last November 13, 2015 in Paris, or the most recent of 22 March 2016 in Brussels (and on 26 July in Nice), have highlighted the vulnerabilities of democratic societies to unconventional phenomena which pose a challenge to the capabilities of their governments, and thus their political leaders. The discussion about defense policies and common security that have taken place in the framework of the European Union among its members or, on the Atlantic geopolitical strategies in the framework of NATO with its American partners have as a principle the need for cooperation among States, in order to make possible the partial individual effort towards broader common paths. Globalization, the current economic face of international reality, also exceeds the logic of the functioning of States, and although it is a product of the policy developed by them through the means of trade and free market encouragement, its consequences and the absence of State oversight mechanisms can trigger disasters and problems as in 2008 with the international financial system. Insecurity and globalization have woven - driven - policies of States, sharing their power with private organizations - both legal and illegal - that are not subject to mechanisms of legitimation of power by citizens; so they are not compelled by a specific policy framework nor defined mandates. It is, therefore, a certain kind of approval of power between democratic States and undemocratic organizations, in areas of competence in an effort to achieve a better position in areas previously reserved, exclusively, to the will of governments...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, leída el 23/11/2016