Publication: Mark Twain y Miguel de Unamuno: dos visiones del hombre de fin de siglo (Crisis existencial, política y religiosa en el Viejo y el Nuevo Mundo)
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2017-03-29
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Este trabajo pretende conocer una parte del pensamiento del hombre del fin del siglo XIX a través de las obras de dos de los principales escritores finiseculares, Mark Twain y Miguel de Unamuno. El estudio tiene su causa en mi interés por la guerra del 98 y el posicionamiento político respecto a la contienda de estos dos ilustres ciudadanos de España y Estados Unidos. Partiendo de este interés embrionario hemos ampliado la perspectiva para bosquejar los principales temas que trataron en sus obras señeras, centrándonos en la narrativa (ficción y ensayo), aunque con algún aporte poético y teatral. Analiza esta tesis las mayores influencias comunes en las obras de ambos autores, desde Shakespeare y Cervantes, pasando por Darwin, Carlyle o William James, hasta la Biblia, que ambos interpretaron de forma muy diferente. Repasamos las líneas maestras del pensamiento de ambos escritores, desde su visión política, como decíamos antes, pasando por su concepción de Dios, de la naturaleza humana y su idea de la mujer, prestando especial atención (aunque no solo) a las similitudes entre ellos. Bosquejamos en este estudio someramente sus vidas y el mundo que les vio nacer y en el que desarrollaron su carrera literaria, a caballo entre dos siglos, el XIX y el XX. Recordamos el contexto político y filosófico de la época, analizando la influencia del positivismo y de las teorías psicológicas que trataban de la dualidad del yo. Prestamos especial atención a la Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense de 1898 como punto de inflexión en la historia de España y Estados Unidos, en el contexto del imperialismo que ambos autores trataron prolijamente en sus obras, y recordamos su faceta como humoristas y sus reflexiones sobre el proceso de la creación literaria, así como la repercusión de sus obras en los dos países transatlánticos. Como resultado del estudio podemos afirmar que son más las similitudes entre ambos escritores de lo que, a priori, podría parecer, y que las inquietudes del hombre y problemas del mundo son hoy, en el fondo, muy parecidos a los que eran entonces, empezando por el concepto de progreso, del que habría que discriminar su vertiente espiritual de la material, hoy, como ayer, quizás menoscabada aquella en aras de ésta. Hemos consultado multitud de obras, no todas ellas citadas, por la necesaria vocación de síntesis de este estudio, tanto textos de todo tipo de los escritores, sus artículos de prensa, cuadernos de apuntes, cartas, diarios, como estudios críticos, monografías u otras tesis. Hemos tenido acceso a manuscritos inéditos de Twain sitos en la Universidad de Berkeley, que pude consultar en la Universidad de Harvard gracias al préstamos interbibliotecario entre ambos centros, y a documentos no publicados de la Casa-Museo de Unamuno en la Universidad de Salamanca. También hemos visto diversos repositorios digitales, desde la Hemeroteca digital de la Biblioteca Nacional de España al "Historic Newspapers" de la Library of Congress de los Estados Unidos.
This work seeks to know some of the nineteenth century mańs thought through the works of two major fin-de-siècle writers: Mark Twain and Miguel de Unamuno. The study is caused by my interest in the war of '98 and the political stance regarding the conflict of these two illustrious citizens of Spain and the United States. From this embryonic interest we have extended the perspective to outline the main issues discussed in their important works , focusing on the narrative (fiction and nonfiction), but with some poetic and theatrical touches. This dissertation analyzes the main common influences on both authorśs works, from Shakespeare and Cervantes, going through Darwin, Carlyle or William James, to the Bible, which they understand in two different ways. We look over the guidelines of their thinking, political views, idea of God, human nature and womeńs conception, focusing (but not only) on their similarities. We glance at their lifes and the world where they were born, between two centuries: the 19th and the 20th century. We revise the philosophical and political context of their age, examining the influence of positivism and psichological theories about the duality of the self. We pay special attention to the Spanish-American War of 1898, as a turning point in the United Stateśs and Spaińs history, within the context of imperialism that both writers dealt with on their works. We speak about their role as humorists and their reflections on literary creative process, as well as the spreading of their works in the two transatlantic nations. As a result of the study we can say that there are more similarities between the two writers than what a priori might seem, and that the concerns of man and world problems are today, basically, much like those that were then, beginning by the concept of progress, of which we would distinguish the spiritual side of the material one, perhaps undermined that for the sake of this, today as yesterday. We have consulted many works, not all of them cited by the necessary vocation of synthesis of this study, texts of all kinds, their newspaper articles, notebooks, letters, diaries, critical studies, monographs or other thesis. We have accessed to unpublished manuscripts of Twain located at the University of Berkeley, which I could consult in Harvard thanks to interlibrary loan between both centers, and to unpublished documents of the Casa-Museo de Unamuno at the Universidad de Salamanca. We have also seen many digital clearing-houses, from digital periodicals of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, to "Historic Newspapers" at the Library of Congress of the United States .
This work seeks to know some of the nineteenth century mańs thought through the works of two major fin-de-siècle writers: Mark Twain and Miguel de Unamuno. The study is caused by my interest in the war of '98 and the political stance regarding the conflict of these two illustrious citizens of Spain and the United States. From this embryonic interest we have extended the perspective to outline the main issues discussed in their important works , focusing on the narrative (fiction and nonfiction), but with some poetic and theatrical touches. This dissertation analyzes the main common influences on both authorśs works, from Shakespeare and Cervantes, going through Darwin, Carlyle or William James, to the Bible, which they understand in two different ways. We look over the guidelines of their thinking, political views, idea of God, human nature and womeńs conception, focusing (but not only) on their similarities. We glance at their lifes and the world where they were born, between two centuries: the 19th and the 20th century. We revise the philosophical and political context of their age, examining the influence of positivism and psichological theories about the duality of the self. We pay special attention to the Spanish-American War of 1898, as a turning point in the United Stateśs and Spaińs history, within the context of imperialism that both writers dealt with on their works. We speak about their role as humorists and their reflections on literary creative process, as well as the spreading of their works in the two transatlantic nations. As a result of the study we can say that there are more similarities between the two writers than what a priori might seem, and that the concerns of man and world problems are today, basically, much like those that were then, beginning by the concept of progress, of which we would distinguish the spiritual side of the material one, perhaps undermined that for the sake of this, today as yesterday. We have consulted many works, not all of them cited by the necessary vocation of synthesis of this study, texts of all kinds, their newspaper articles, notebooks, letters, diaries, critical studies, monographs or other thesis. We have accessed to unpublished manuscripts of Twain located at the University of Berkeley, which I could consult in Harvard thanks to interlibrary loan between both centers, and to unpublished documents of the Casa-Museo de Unamuno at the Universidad de Salamanca. We have also seen many digital clearing-houses, from digital periodicals of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, to "Historic Newspapers" at the Library of Congress of the United States .
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, Departamento de Filología Española III, leída el 27-01-2016