Publication: La especialización periodística como herramienta estratégica en la comunicación de catástrofes
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2017-04-06
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Editorial Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La cobertura de una catástrofe es sin duda uno de los mayores desafíos a los que se puede enfrentar un periodista. En pocas ocasiones es tan manifiesto que una información veraz, rigurosa y responsable colabora en salvar vidas y minimizar daños. Pero el grado de especialización periodística en este ámbito está muy lejos de ser equivalente con esa indudable relevancia social. Esta investigación exploratoria ha descrito y analizado la especialización de medios y periodistas en la cobertura informativa de las catástrofes, crisis y emergencias. Los datos analizados proceden de una encuesta cuantitativa realizada a 30 directores de los medios españoles más importantes en prensa, televisión, radio y prensa digital. Se ha completado la investigación con un estudio de caso del Terremoto de Lorca de 2011. Por medio de una triangulación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas se ha estudiado la cobertura de los diarios El País y El Mundo y se ha analizado las experiencias de ocho periodistas que participaron en la cobertura periodística de la tragedia lorquina. Los resultados de la encuesta han sido contundentes: el 82,5% de los directores considera que la cobertura de catástrofes es un área de especialización periodística con características particulares y un relato informativo propio. Sin embargo, se detecta una escasa especialización en las redacciones: el 73,9% de los medios no cuenta con ningún periodista especializado. Una especialización periodística que procede de la experiencia acumulada y de la formación complementaria. Los directores opinan que los idiomas son imprescindibles (69,6%), así como la formación técnica, sanitaria, legal, en protección civil y psicológica. La relación con las fuentes, en un escenario caótico y dramático, también presenta enormes dificultades para el trabajo periodístico: las más utilizadas son la Policía, Guardia Civil, Cruz Roja y UME (86,9%). A continuación se sitúan las víctimas y afectados (78,3%), por encima incluso de las fuentes de la Administración Pública que han perdido presencia en el relato informativo. En cuanto al grado de confianza, los resultados son significativos porque los directores otorgan la misma credibilidad a las víctimas como fuente de información que al Gobierno, sugiriendo un grave descrédito de las fuentes de la Administración Pública. El ejemplo más reciente fue la comunicación pública del Gobierno durante la Crisis del Ébola de 2014: el 60,9% de los directores considera que fue mala o muy mala. Los errores identificados por los directores fueron la mala portavocía (65,2%), los mensajes contradictorios (52,1%), la descoordinación informativa (47,8%) y la utilización partidista de la crisis (30,4%). Los encuestados también han evaluado la comunicación pública del Gobierno en la Crisis de la Bacteria E.Coli de 201l y el Incendio de Guadalajara de 2005. Además se ha analizado la irrupción de las redes sociales en la comunicación de emergencias, por medio del caso del Terremoto de Lorca, la primera gran catástrofe en España narrada a través de internet. El enfoque de la investigación es novedoso e integral porque se han analizado datos sobre medios y periodistas, pero además se ha introducido la visión de la comunicación pública institucional de los Gabinetes de Prensa. Finalmente, hemos concluido que sólo desde una concepción especializada, el periodista puede ofrecer una información contextualizada, global y responsable que cumpla los criterios éticos y contribuya a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad en las catástrofes.
The coverage of a disaster is certainly one of the biggest challenges for a journalist. In few other situations it is more evident that true, rigorous and reliable information helps save lives and minimize damage. But the degree of journalistic expertise in this area is far from being equivalent to its undoubted social relevance. This exploratory study has described and analyzed the specialization of Spanish media and journalists in covering disasters, crisis and emergencies. The data under analysis comes from a quantitative survey made to 30 editors in chief from the most important Spanish press, television, radio and digital media. To complete the research, a case study of the earthquake in Lorca (Murcia) 2011 was also conducted. Through quantitative and qualitative techniques it studies the journalistic coverage of El País and El Mundo and it analyzes the experiences of eight journalists who were directly involved in the news coverage of the Lorca tragedy. The survey results are striking: 82.5% of editors believe that coverage of disasters is an area of journalistic expertise with particular characteristics and its own news narrative. However, little specialization in newsrooms is identified: 73.9% of the consulted media do not have any specialized journalist. A journalistic expertise that comes from accumulated experience and further training. The editors believe that languages are essential (69.6 %), as well as technical training, health, legal, and psychological protection. The relationship with sources, in chaotic and dramatic scenery, presents enormous challenges for journalistic work: the most used are the Police, Guardia Civil, Red Cross and UME (86.9 %). Followed by victims and those affected (78.3 %) who are used more than government sources, which have lost presence in the news story. Regarding the degree of trust in sources of information in situations of crisis, the results are relevant because they show that editors give the same degree of trust to victims as the Government in any of the three levels: local, regional and state. That suggests a serious discredit of institutional sources. The most recent example was the Spanish Government's communicational management of the Ebola Crisis in 2014: 60.9% of editors believes that public communication was poor or very poor. The errors identified by the editors were an inappropriate job by the spokesperson (65.2 %), contradictory messages (52.1 %), lack of informative coordination (47.8 %) and the political use of the crisis (30.4 %). Respondents have also evaluated the public communication of the Spanish Government in the E Coli Bacteria Crisis in 2011 and the Fires of Guadalajara in 2005. We also reported Social Media burst in emergency communication. We focused on the case study of the earthquake in Lorca, the first great disaster in Spain covered in the Internet. The approach is original, innovative and global because the research has integrated data from media, journalists, in addition to introducing the view of public communication from institutional Press offices. Finally, we have concluded that only from a specialized standpoint, can the journalist provides contextualized, comprehensive and reliable information that meets ethical criteria and may contribute towards reducing vulnerability in disasters.
The coverage of a disaster is certainly one of the biggest challenges for a journalist. In few other situations it is more evident that true, rigorous and reliable information helps save lives and minimize damage. But the degree of journalistic expertise in this area is far from being equivalent to its undoubted social relevance. This exploratory study has described and analyzed the specialization of Spanish media and journalists in covering disasters, crisis and emergencies. The data under analysis comes from a quantitative survey made to 30 editors in chief from the most important Spanish press, television, radio and digital media. To complete the research, a case study of the earthquake in Lorca (Murcia) 2011 was also conducted. Through quantitative and qualitative techniques it studies the journalistic coverage of El País and El Mundo and it analyzes the experiences of eight journalists who were directly involved in the news coverage of the Lorca tragedy. The survey results are striking: 82.5% of editors believe that coverage of disasters is an area of journalistic expertise with particular characteristics and its own news narrative. However, little specialization in newsrooms is identified: 73.9% of the consulted media do not have any specialized journalist. A journalistic expertise that comes from accumulated experience and further training. The editors believe that languages are essential (69.6 %), as well as technical training, health, legal, and psychological protection. The relationship with sources, in chaotic and dramatic scenery, presents enormous challenges for journalistic work: the most used are the Police, Guardia Civil, Red Cross and UME (86.9 %). Followed by victims and those affected (78.3 %) who are used more than government sources, which have lost presence in the news story. Regarding the degree of trust in sources of information in situations of crisis, the results are relevant because they show that editors give the same degree of trust to victims as the Government in any of the three levels: local, regional and state. That suggests a serious discredit of institutional sources. The most recent example was the Spanish Government's communicational management of the Ebola Crisis in 2014: 60.9% of editors believes that public communication was poor or very poor. The errors identified by the editors were an inappropriate job by the spokesperson (65.2 %), contradictory messages (52.1 %), lack of informative coordination (47.8 %) and the political use of the crisis (30.4 %). Respondents have also evaluated the public communication of the Spanish Government in the E Coli Bacteria Crisis in 2011 and the Fires of Guadalajara in 2005. We also reported Social Media burst in emergency communication. We focused on the case study of the earthquake in Lorca, the first great disaster in Spain covered in the Internet. The approach is original, innovative and global because the research has integrated data from media, journalists, in addition to introducing the view of public communication from institutional Press offices. Finally, we have concluded that only from a specialized standpoint, can the journalist provides contextualized, comprehensive and reliable information that meets ethical criteria and may contribute towards reducing vulnerability in disasters.
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, Departamento de Periodismo II (Estructura y Tecnología de la Información), leída el 12-01-2016