Publication: Producción de monoglicérido de ibuprofeno catalizada por lipasas
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2017-05-11
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La escasez y agotamiento de fuentes de energías fósiles tradicionales, así como su influencia negativa sobre el medio ambiente por su impacto en el denominado cambio climático ha llevado a tomar medidas, como la firma del Protocolo de Kyoto, en 1997, que constituye el establecimiento de políticas y marco regulatorio en el mundo para el fomento de uso de energías renovables o la Cumbre sobre el Clima (Paris, 2015) que se está celebrando al mismo tiempo que se escribe esta Memoria. Por esta razón, entre las energías renovables, los biocarburantes han sido una alternativa para luchar contra la insuficiencia y la dependencia energética. En concreto, en los últimos años, la producción de biodiesel se ha incrementado y, con ello, la producción de glicerina, por ser un subproducto de la síntesis del biodiesel. Como consecuencia, el precio de la glicerina se ha reducido durante los últimos años; por lo que los mercados tradicionales de la glicerina (industria cosmética, farmacéutica y alimentaria) no constituyen una demanda suficiente para frenar esta caída. En la actualidad, se están buscando nuevos usos de la glicerina ya sea para uso directo o como materia prima o building block para obtener otros productos químicos. Entre las reacciones de síntesis, la esterificación de la glicerina es una de las vías más utilizadas para su transformación. Por tanto, los esteres de glicerina, monoglicéridos diglicéridos y triglicéridos, obtenidos mediante la esterificación de glicerina con ácidos carboxílicos, son usados como aditivos alimentarios, disolventes, emulsionantes, antioxidantes, y en otras muchas aplicaciones. La esterificación puede llevarse a cabo térmicamente o usando catalizadores homogéneos o heterogéneos, convencionales o enzimáticos...
The scarcity and depletion of traditional fossil energy sources and their negative influence in the environment, especially in the change climate, is the main reason behind many efforts in technological and scientific research and development in our days. As an international response to this concern, the Kyoto protocol, in 1997, established the policies and regulatory frameworks related to the use of renewable energies. Recently, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris has being held at the same time as this thesis is written, aiming at a full international commitment to avoid an increase in the global average temperature higher than 2 ºC. This political impulse has boosted, and is boosting, the production of renewable energies, including biofuels, specifically biodiesel. Glycerol is produced as a by-product of biodiesel manufacturing process (approximately, a 10% weight based on the raw material). Owing to the saturation of the existing glycerol market, the price of this chemical has dropped in the last 15 years. Therefore, new uses of glycerol are looked for as glycerol is look upon as a new platform chemical. Among synthesis reaction, esterification of glycerol is an interesting reaction to develop new processes for this chemical. Thus, glycerol esters (mono-di and tri glycerides), obtained by esterification of glycerol with carboxylic acid, are used as food additives, solvents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, and in many other applications. This reaction can be carried out thermally or by using homogeneous and heterogeneous conventional or enzymatic catalyst. On the other side, the use of lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) as biocatalysts is gaining significance due to their high activity, the lack of need for co-factors, their synthetic activity in organic solvents and, mainly, their wide range of substrate specificities and mild operating conditions...
The scarcity and depletion of traditional fossil energy sources and their negative influence in the environment, especially in the change climate, is the main reason behind many efforts in technological and scientific research and development in our days. As an international response to this concern, the Kyoto protocol, in 1997, established the policies and regulatory frameworks related to the use of renewable energies. Recently, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris has being held at the same time as this thesis is written, aiming at a full international commitment to avoid an increase in the global average temperature higher than 2 ºC. This political impulse has boosted, and is boosting, the production of renewable energies, including biofuels, specifically biodiesel. Glycerol is produced as a by-product of biodiesel manufacturing process (approximately, a 10% weight based on the raw material). Owing to the saturation of the existing glycerol market, the price of this chemical has dropped in the last 15 years. Therefore, new uses of glycerol are looked for as glycerol is look upon as a new platform chemical. Among synthesis reaction, esterification of glycerol is an interesting reaction to develop new processes for this chemical. Thus, glycerol esters (mono-di and tri glycerides), obtained by esterification of glycerol with carboxylic acid, are used as food additives, solvents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, and in many other applications. This reaction can be carried out thermally or by using homogeneous and heterogeneous conventional or enzymatic catalyst. On the other side, the use of lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) as biocatalysts is gaining significance due to their high activity, the lack of need for co-factors, their synthetic activity in organic solvents and, mainly, their wide range of substrate specificities and mild operating conditions...
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, leída el 11-03-2016