Publication: Las relaciones de trabajo en el sector bancario
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2017-06-09
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La reputación y el prestigio perseguido por los empresarios de la Banca son características intrínsecas a la relación laboral del trabajador bancario desde su origen. Desde las figuras mesopotámicas próximas a reyes, hasta los miembros de las familias aristocráticas en Roma, todos ejercieron la banca apoyados por el poder político. Los cambistas compostelanos y los plateros castellanos exigieron para ingresar en sus cofradías cierto linaje. Igualmente los cambiadores de libro de la Edad Media se separaron deliberadamente de los cambiadores de trueque y ferias, para buscar una clientela más selecta, reservándose sólo para particulares burgueses y grandes caballeros. Y los hombres de negocios que triunfaron en la banca fueron los vinculados a la Corte o a las monarquías europeas. Durante el siglo XIX el ejercicio de la banca se realizaban a través de sociedades, prestigiosas casas de banca apoyadas por la burguesía empresarial y vinculada al poder político de la época. Pero la relación de estas asociaciones empresariales con sus empleados de escritorio aun no constituía una relación laboral. Inicialmente eran auxiliares del comerciante ocupando puestos de factores o mancebos ajenos a una relación laboral que exigía años de aprendizaje sin una remuneración directa. En el siglo XX el empleado de escritorio reclamó las mejoras obreras en Cataluña. Los empleados y dependientes del Comercio de Barcelona supieron ver las mejoras laborales que había alcanzado el proletariado desde posturas más humildes, y las querían para sí. A través de los comités paritarios conciliaron posiciones encontradas entre los empresarios banqueros y sus empleados, y buscaron mudar las relaciones familiares y de aprendices del comerciante, por relaciones laborales. Se creó el primer Sindicato de Empleados de Banca y Bolsa que llegó a exigir una reglamentación colectiva para los contratos de los empleados de banca. Pero fue preciso que ocurriera un cambio político para que la clase trabajadora se viera más favorecida. En la década de los años veinte, los comités paritarios fueron transformados en corporaciones que funcionaban como un mecanismo de control para el Estado. A través de estas corporaciones se crearon regulaciones laborales para cada sector. En 1930 se crearon las Primeras Bases que regularon el Trabajo en la Banca Privada, y a través Ley de Contrato de Trabajo de 1931 el empleado de escritorio alcanzó el estatus de trabajador bancario, asumiendo todos los derechos de los trabajadores y reflejándose en las Bases para el Trabajo en la Banca Privada de 1933 que constituyeron la esencia de la regulación laboral moderna. La regulación del trabajador bancario fue matizada entre 1938 y 1976 preconizándose una superioridad empresarial. El Estado delegó en las empresas la facultad de redactar sus propias ordenanzas de trabajo justificándolo en que los beneficios empresariales eran factores a proteger. Al permitir a la empresa la regulación a través de los Reglamentos de Régimen Interior se legisló específicamente para cada sector y profesión resultando enriquecida la relación laboral del trabajador bancario. En la actualidad, esta relación laboral vuelve a estar equilibrada por la participación de los representantes de los trabajadores a través de los convenios colectivos. Si bien, durante el ejercicio de la actividad bancaria, la legislación laboral permite afectar algunos derechos de los bancarios para favorecer el poder de dirección, debido a la especialidad de la prestación de servicios que el bancario realiza.
The question dealt is this study is to know when the employment relationship of the banking worker was born and how it has been regulated through history. Our study not only responds to a formation process, but we analyze which have been their inherent characteristics and how it differs from other labour relations. Bank worker characteristics have always been: reputation and prestige. Both are main keys to success in their activity. Since Mesopotamian figures closely related to kings, to the members of the aristocratic families in Greece, and even the "institores" in Rome, all of them were near to or related with wealthy and noble. The "trujumanes" in the Reconquista, or officials "mustassaf" also enjoyed proximity to monarchs positions. Indeed, it was required for the Compostela moneychangers, to be accepted into the Brotherhood that the applicants were highborn. The same happened with the guild of silversmiths whose ordinances requiring Christianity and severely punished fraudulent conduct of members who could disserve the reputation of the profession. Even during the Middle Ages “Los cambiadores de libro" deliberately separated from "Los cambiadores de trueque y ferias", prefering more select clients. Those who triumphed in the eighteenth century were bussines men in good social position and realted with the Court or with former European banking houses, which were also linked to the monarchies in those countries. In addition, during the twentieth century the business bourgeoisie formed by bankers who stood beside the political power obstructed the multiple attempts to regulate this profession. The situation in Spain was very different from the rest of Europe. The job training of desktop employees was not done in business schools, but it was performed as part of banking houses or familiar companies of the same labour area. Thus, the provision of service performed by the employee during his first years was more like a learning relationship subjected to an almost familiar surveillance with no remuneration...
The question dealt is this study is to know when the employment relationship of the banking worker was born and how it has been regulated through history. Our study not only responds to a formation process, but we analyze which have been their inherent characteristics and how it differs from other labour relations. Bank worker characteristics have always been: reputation and prestige. Both are main keys to success in their activity. Since Mesopotamian figures closely related to kings, to the members of the aristocratic families in Greece, and even the "institores" in Rome, all of them were near to or related with wealthy and noble. The "trujumanes" in the Reconquista, or officials "mustassaf" also enjoyed proximity to monarchs positions. Indeed, it was required for the Compostela moneychangers, to be accepted into the Brotherhood that the applicants were highborn. The same happened with the guild of silversmiths whose ordinances requiring Christianity and severely punished fraudulent conduct of members who could disserve the reputation of the profession. Even during the Middle Ages “Los cambiadores de libro" deliberately separated from "Los cambiadores de trueque y ferias", prefering more select clients. Those who triumphed in the eighteenth century were bussines men in good social position and realted with the Court or with former European banking houses, which were also linked to the monarchies in those countries. In addition, during the twentieth century the business bourgeoisie formed by bankers who stood beside the political power obstructed the multiple attempts to regulate this profession. The situation in Spain was very different from the rest of Europe. The job training of desktop employees was not done in business schools, but it was performed as part of banking houses or familiar companies of the same labour area. Thus, the provision of service performed by the employee during his first years was more like a learning relationship subjected to an almost familiar surveillance with no remuneration...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento del Trabajo y la Seguridad Social, leída el 08-02-2016