Publication: Paisaje y territorio celtibérico en el Alto Duero
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2017-11-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El primer milenio a.n.e. en la Meseta es un momento marcado por las grandes transformaciones sociales y materiales. Las comunidades de la Edad del Bronce se habían caracterizado por su reducido tamaño, una movilidad estacional de sus lugares de residencia y una escasa modificación de los paisajes, pero con el inicio de la Edad del Hierro se producirá una eclosión, una proliferación de las evidencias materiales tanto por su número como por su voluntad de perdurar. La mejora climática, la generalización de la tecnología del hierro y la innovación en las técnicas agrícolas posibilitaron que los asentamientos se ocupasen durante todo el año, lo que provocó una profunda transformación en la mentalidad y conceptualización de las comunidades respecto al paisaje y la organización social. Los grupos aumentaron de tamaño y cambió el modo de entender la tierra y los recursos. La manipulación del paisaje se convirtió en un mecanismo fundamental para reclamar su posesión y legitimidad, mediante la construcción de potentes estructuras defensivas en los límites de los asentamientos y de genealogías en los cementerios. Esta tesis es una aproximación holística desde una arqueología con vocación simétrica a las sociedades de la cuenca alta del río Duero, desde el inicio de la Edad del Hierro, en torno al siglo VII a.n.e., hasta la imposición del modelo social romano en el cambio de era, donde los paisajes y los territorios son la excusa y punto de partida para entender a las personas. En esta empresa navegaremos por diversos cauces de información desde los aspectos más físicos y morfológicos del paisaje, a las construcciones que en él se han realizado en forma de asentamientos, cementerios o hitos simbólicos y religiosos, entrando en las casas, profundizando en los enterramientos. La Celtiberia en general, y el Alto Duero en particular, cuentan con una larga tradición en la investigación y una extensa bibliografía, no exenta de problemas. En primer lugar, los inherentes a nuestra disciplina, relacionados con el registro material, desde sus alteraciones y estados de conservación, al modo de obtención y documentación, ya que gran parte de las intervenciones arqueológicas se realizaron en la primera mitad del siglo XX y carecen de contextos claros, cartografías, descripciones o inventarios, y en ocasiones, ni tan siquiera conservamos los objetos, que se están en colecciones privadas o han desaparecido. La perspectiva desde la que se han abordado los estudios de esta región también nos plantea dificultades, centrados en ámbitos o temáticas aisladas e independientes, como los asentamientos, las casas o las tumbas; o estudios diacrónicos sobre determinadas formas de cultura material, donde los principales protagonistas eran los objetos...
The first millennial BCE in the Spanish Meseta is characterized by great social and material transformations. Bronze Age communities were small and featured seasonal mobility from their residences as well as scant landscape modification. However, the beginning of the Iron Age brought a proliferation of the amount of material evidence and the goal that their fabrication endure over time. The improving climate, the generalization of iron technology and innovation in agricultural practice allowed settlements to be occupied throughout the whole year. This entailed a deep transformation of the communities’ mindset and conceptualization of both landscape and social organization. Groups grew in size and changed the way the land and resources were understood. Alteration of the landscape became a fundamental mechanism to claim ownership and legitimacy, exercised through the construction of powerful defensive structures on settlement boundaries and placing the remains of family members in cemeteries. This doctoral thesis presents a holistic approach to the societies of the Upper Duero basin, from the perspective of symmetrical archaeology. The period under study ranges from the beginning of the Iron Age, around the seventh century BCE, until the imposition of the Roman social model, around the beginning of the common era, when landscapes and territories became an essential motive and starting point to understand native populations. To achieve our goal, we will deal with various sources of information: from the purely physical and morphological aspects of the landscape, to the constructions –settlements, cemeteries or symbolic and religious landmarks-, examining the houses and especially the burials. There is a long tradition of research and an extensive bibliography –not without its problems- dealing with the Celtiberian territories overall and the Upper Duero area specifically. Our work began by confronting the problems associated with our field, which not only involved alterations of the material record and its state of preservation, but also the documentation and recovery methodology. A significant proportion of the archaeological excavations took place in the first half of the 20th century and lack clear context, cartography, descriptions or inventory. Sometimes, we were not even able to access the findings, because they had disappeared or were held in private collections. The approach we took to study this region entailed other difficulties as well, mainly regarding isolated and independent subjects such as settlements, houses or burials, or diachronic studies about certain manifestations of material culture where the most important role belongs to the objects...
The first millennial BCE in the Spanish Meseta is characterized by great social and material transformations. Bronze Age communities were small and featured seasonal mobility from their residences as well as scant landscape modification. However, the beginning of the Iron Age brought a proliferation of the amount of material evidence and the goal that their fabrication endure over time. The improving climate, the generalization of iron technology and innovation in agricultural practice allowed settlements to be occupied throughout the whole year. This entailed a deep transformation of the communities’ mindset and conceptualization of both landscape and social organization. Groups grew in size and changed the way the land and resources were understood. Alteration of the landscape became a fundamental mechanism to claim ownership and legitimacy, exercised through the construction of powerful defensive structures on settlement boundaries and placing the remains of family members in cemeteries. This doctoral thesis presents a holistic approach to the societies of the Upper Duero basin, from the perspective of symmetrical archaeology. The period under study ranges from the beginning of the Iron Age, around the seventh century BCE, until the imposition of the Roman social model, around the beginning of the common era, when landscapes and territories became an essential motive and starting point to understand native populations. To achieve our goal, we will deal with various sources of information: from the purely physical and morphological aspects of the landscape, to the constructions –settlements, cemeteries or symbolic and religious landmarks-, examining the houses and especially the burials. There is a long tradition of research and an extensive bibliography –not without its problems- dealing with the Celtiberian territories overall and the Upper Duero area specifically. Our work began by confronting the problems associated with our field, which not only involved alterations of the material record and its state of preservation, but also the documentation and recovery methodology. A significant proportion of the archaeological excavations took place in the first half of the 20th century and lack clear context, cartography, descriptions or inventory. Sometimes, we were not even able to access the findings, because they had disappeared or were held in private collections. The approach we took to study this region entailed other difficulties as well, mainly regarding isolated and independent subjects such as settlements, houses or burials, or diachronic studies about certain manifestations of material culture where the most important role belongs to the objects...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 29-05-2017