Publication: La victoria bajo control: ocupación, orden público y orden social del Madrid franquista (1936-1948)
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2017-11-20
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis doctoral trata de comprender tanto la posguerra como la construcción del régimen franquista desde el prisma de la ocupación militar de Madrid al final de la Guerra Civil española. La hipótesis de trabajo principal descansa en el análisis de ambos hechos a través de la relación de tres grandes conceptos, que deben ser entendidos como fenómenos históricos: control social, orden público y orden social. En primer lugar, entiendo el control social como una práctica punitiva dirigida a moldear actitudes y delimitar los comportamientos permitidos, según han demostrado algunos estudios de criminología y sociología crítica. Siguiendo con esto, el control social puede ser definido como una lógica más de violencia, que debe ser evaluada desde sus efectos cualitativos y las raíces sociales y políticas que la inspiran. En segundo lugar, en las páginas siguientes entiendo el orden público desde un sentido contextual, es decir, como la capacidad coercitiva desplegada en un momento concreto para organizar una sociedad. Y, por último y de acuerdo a los especialistas en la materia, el orden social puede ser definido como la construcción de las relaciones de dominación y alianza dadas entre diferentes grupos sociales. En este sentido, la principal pregunta que trataré de responder en esta tesis trata acerca de las raíces, las formas y el desarrollo de estas tres realidades históricas entre 1939 y 1948. En otras palabras, ¿qué relación construyó la dictadura franquista entre el control social como lógica punitiva y sus propias nociones de orden público y orden social? En relación con lo anterior, el resto de hipótesis de trabajo están orientadas en un sentido metodológico y relacionadas con mi propia forma de comprender la ciudad, en dos sentidos. Por un lado, el Madrid de 1939 debe ser percibido ante todo como un espacio al que el Ejército franquista se tuvo que enfrentar. En este sentido, gran parte de las herramientas metodológicas empleadas en esta investigación están determinadas por el llamado "giro espacial", que puede ser definido como una forma de comprender los fenómenos no sólo desde el espacio sino también a través de él. Como metodología interdisciplinar, presento diferentes cartografías que pueden ser analizadas como representaciones del poder franquista: unas fueron creadas por el Estado Mayor de Franco y otras son la base a partir de la cual comprender la maniobra de ocupación, los registros, las denuncias, los informes de conducta social y política y las recompensas en forma de vivienda. Por otro lado, 1939 no puede considerarse únicamente como un momento de ruptura. De forma particular, en Madrid se dieron cita dinámicas de continuidad y cambio en muchos sentidos, como el sociológico, el simbólico, el material o el cultural...
Understanding Spanish Civil War aftermath and the construction of Francoist regime from the angle of the occupation of Madrid in 1939 is the main goal of this doctoral thesis. In order to evaluate these two historical related events, I will use three major concepts that should be understood as historical constructions: social control, public order and social order. Firstly, I understand social control as a punitive practice leaded to shape attitudes and delimit allowed behaviours according to Criminology and Radical Sociology. According to this, social control can be defined as a logic of violence that must be considered from its qualitative effect and the social and political roots which were established from. Secondly, I use a very contextual sense of public order to explain coercive ability in a very concrete moment to organise a society. And finally, according to the major specialists on the field, social order can be defined as the construction of domination and alliance relations between different social groups in an specific moment. In this sense, the evaluation of the roots, the forms and the development of these historical realities between 1939 and 1948 is the main question I would like to answer in this dissertation. In other words, the main hypothesis of my work lies on the relation of social control with the construction of public order and social order senses by Francoist dictatorship. With regard to the previous statement, the following hypothesis have a methodological meaning and they are defined according to my approximation to the city. Thus, I will try to understand it in two ways. On the one hand, Madrid should be perceived as an urban space which Francoist occupation Army had to deal with. In this way, the majority of the methodological tools used in this investigation are determined by the so-called "Spatial turn", which can be defined as a way to understand historical events not only from the space but through it. As an interdisciplinary methodology, I have dealt with different maps which have been defined as representations of Francoist power. Some maps were created by Franco's Headquarters and others try to draw the military manoeuvre of occupation, recording, denunciations, social and political reports and rewards through housing from the space. On the other, 1939 is not being just considered as a moment for breakdown. Particularly, Madrid was a place where continuity and radical break processes faced each other sociological, symbolic, material or cultural ways. In this sense, I will use the interdisciplinary nature of post-conflict studies to judge the role played by the violence in the forge of Francoist state and the reconstruction of Madrid's society after war. This is the reason why this thesis is not only in debt with both Radical and Cultural Geography and Urban Anthropolgy but Sociology, Criminology, Social Psychology or even Political Ecology...
Understanding Spanish Civil War aftermath and the construction of Francoist regime from the angle of the occupation of Madrid in 1939 is the main goal of this doctoral thesis. In order to evaluate these two historical related events, I will use three major concepts that should be understood as historical constructions: social control, public order and social order. Firstly, I understand social control as a punitive practice leaded to shape attitudes and delimit allowed behaviours according to Criminology and Radical Sociology. According to this, social control can be defined as a logic of violence that must be considered from its qualitative effect and the social and political roots which were established from. Secondly, I use a very contextual sense of public order to explain coercive ability in a very concrete moment to organise a society. And finally, according to the major specialists on the field, social order can be defined as the construction of domination and alliance relations between different social groups in an specific moment. In this sense, the evaluation of the roots, the forms and the development of these historical realities between 1939 and 1948 is the main question I would like to answer in this dissertation. In other words, the main hypothesis of my work lies on the relation of social control with the construction of public order and social order senses by Francoist dictatorship. With regard to the previous statement, the following hypothesis have a methodological meaning and they are defined according to my approximation to the city. Thus, I will try to understand it in two ways. On the one hand, Madrid should be perceived as an urban space which Francoist occupation Army had to deal with. In this way, the majority of the methodological tools used in this investigation are determined by the so-called "Spatial turn", which can be defined as a way to understand historical events not only from the space but through it. As an interdisciplinary methodology, I have dealt with different maps which have been defined as representations of Francoist power. Some maps were created by Franco's Headquarters and others try to draw the military manoeuvre of occupation, recording, denunciations, social and political reports and rewards through housing from the space. On the other, 1939 is not being just considered as a moment for breakdown. Particularly, Madrid was a place where continuity and radical break processes faced each other sociological, symbolic, material or cultural ways. In this sense, I will use the interdisciplinary nature of post-conflict studies to judge the role played by the violence in the forge of Francoist state and the reconstruction of Madrid's society after war. This is the reason why this thesis is not only in debt with both Radical and Cultural Geography and Urban Anthropolgy but Sociology, Criminology, Social Psychology or even Political Ecology...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Historia Contemporánea, leída el 08-05-2017