Publication: Metalenguaje en el cine contemporáneo: estudio sobre la proyección del espacio cinematográfico como recurso narrativo según los directores internacionales Christopher Nolan, Zhang Yimou y Krzysztof Kieslowski
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2018-02-08
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La presente investigación centra su objeto de estudio en el espacio fílmico como recurso narrativo, configurando su función lingüística y decorativa, de acuerdo a la influencia de los recursos visuales y sonoros en la percepción del espectador de determinada composición espacial. Para esclarecer dicho planteamiento, tras definir el diseño teórico basado en la revisión bibliográfica, se establecieron los marcos teórico, conceptual y metodológico de la investigación evaluando la percepción de los elementos artísticos que constituyen la dimensión espacial, y, suscitada en el espectador. Posteriormente se diseñaron las hipótesis centradas en determinar la labor del factor «cultura» en la codificación que hace el realizador de los elementos estéticos, y su posterior decodificación, por parte del público. La corroboración de las hipótesis se llevó a cabo mediante la implementación de tres herramientas metodológicas: 1)el análisis del contenido fílmico, 2)las encuestas, 3)el grupo focal. Para el análisis del contenido fílmico se eligieron cuatro películas de cada uno de los directores que sirvieron como caso de estudio: Christopher Nolan, Zhang Yimou, Krzysztof Kieslowski. Con la ejecución de este método se pudo ejemplificar, según tres escenas específicas, la influencia de los elementos visuales y sonoros compaginados con el lenguaje y la narrativa cinematográfica. Asimismo, se realizaron doscientos cincuenta encuestas que comprueban la influencia que ejerce la edad, el sexo y la nacionalidad en la percepción y apreciación del producto cinematográfico. La muestra se valió de personas de ambos sexos comprendidos entre los dieciocho y sesenta y cinco años de edad, provenientes de los continentes americano, asiático y europeo, que además coincidían con la procedencia de cada uno de los director seleccionados. A través de este método, se determinaron las variables que inciden en el disfrute de una película, y, la influencia que ejercen la edad, el sexo y la nacionalidad en dicha elección. Por último, se realizó un grupo de discusión con ocho personas de distinto trasfondo cultural, de forma que, se estudiaron sus percepciones referentes al empleo de los elementos sonoros y visuales introducidos en la narrativa audiovisual. Igualmente, se aprovecharon las conclusiones para demostrar la importancia ―o influencia― que ejercen los avances tecnológicos en la frecuencia de asistencia a salas de cine. Las conclusiones de este proyecto están enfocadas en demostrar la veracidad y/o nulidad de las hipótesis planteadas inicialmente en el proceso del marco metodológico, definiendo como el espacio según su característica descriptiva cumple con distintas funciones parecidas a las que tiene los personajes dentro de la trama: entretener, informar o comunicar. En el caso de su función como recurso decorativo, entretiene al espectador a través de un impresionante despliegue artístico de elementos visuales y sonoros. En su labor como recurso narrativo, comunica al espectador de ciertas situaciones, modificando el comportamiento o la actitud que tendrá este ante la acción que se desarrolla, de manera que incita una respuesta determinada del público. Y, como recurso lingüístico proporciona información de los datos que se desconocen de la trama. Igualmente se incluyen las reflexiones propias de los autores de esta investigación.
This dissertation focuses its object in the filmic space as a narrative resource, configuring its linguistic and decorative function, due to the influence of the visual and sound resources on the spectator's perception of a certain spatial composition. To clarify this approach, after defining the theoretical design based on the bibliographic analysis, the theoretical, conceptual and methodological frameworks of this research was established, evaluating the aroused in the spectators, regarding their perception of the artistic elements that constitute the spatial dimension. Subsequently, hypotheses were designed to determine the influence of the «culture» in the codification that the filmmaker makes of the aesthetic elements, and the posterior decoding by the public. The groundwork corroboration of the hypotheses were carried out through the implementation of three methodological tools: 1) analysis of the film content; 2) the surveys; and 3) the focus group. For the analysis of the film content, four films of each of the directors that served as case of study were chosen: Christopher Nolan, Zhang Yimou and Krzysztof Kieslowski. With the execution of this method, it was possible to exemplify, according to three specific scenes, the influence of the visual and sonorous elements combined with the language and the cinematographic narrative. In addition, two hundred and fifty surveys were carried out to verify the influence of age, gender and nationality on the perception and appreciation of the cinematographic product. The sample consisted of people of both genders between the ages of eighteen and sixty-five years of age, born in any country from the American, Asian and European continents, which also coincided with the provenance of each of the selected directors. Through this method, we determined the variables that affect the enjoyment of a film, and, the influence of age, gender and nationality in that election. Finally, a focus group was held with eight people from different cultural backgrounds, so that their perceptions, regarding the use of the sound and visual elements introduced in the audiovisual narrative, were studied. Likewise, the conclusions were used to demonstrate the importance ―or influence― exerted by technological advances in the frequency of attendance to cinemas. The conclusions of this project are focused on demonstrating the veracity and / or nullity of the hypotheses initially proposed in the methodological framework, defining how the space, according to its descriptive characteristic, fulfils different functions similar to the ones that have the characters within the plot: entertain, inform or communicate. In the case of its function as a decorative resource, it entertains the viewer through an impressive artistic display of visual and sound elements. In its function as a narrative resource, it communicates to the spectator certain situations, modifying the behaviour or the attitude that this will have before the action that develops, so that it incites a determined response from the public. And, as a linguistic resource, it provides information on the data that is unknown to the plot. Also included are the own reflections of the authors of this dissertation.
This dissertation focuses its object in the filmic space as a narrative resource, configuring its linguistic and decorative function, due to the influence of the visual and sound resources on the spectator's perception of a certain spatial composition. To clarify this approach, after defining the theoretical design based on the bibliographic analysis, the theoretical, conceptual and methodological frameworks of this research was established, evaluating the aroused in the spectators, regarding their perception of the artistic elements that constitute the spatial dimension. Subsequently, hypotheses were designed to determine the influence of the «culture» in the codification that the filmmaker makes of the aesthetic elements, and the posterior decoding by the public. The groundwork corroboration of the hypotheses were carried out through the implementation of three methodological tools: 1) analysis of the film content; 2) the surveys; and 3) the focus group. For the analysis of the film content, four films of each of the directors that served as case of study were chosen: Christopher Nolan, Zhang Yimou and Krzysztof Kieslowski. With the execution of this method, it was possible to exemplify, according to three specific scenes, the influence of the visual and sonorous elements combined with the language and the cinematographic narrative. In addition, two hundred and fifty surveys were carried out to verify the influence of age, gender and nationality on the perception and appreciation of the cinematographic product. The sample consisted of people of both genders between the ages of eighteen and sixty-five years of age, born in any country from the American, Asian and European continents, which also coincided with the provenance of each of the selected directors. Through this method, we determined the variables that affect the enjoyment of a film, and, the influence of age, gender and nationality in that election. Finally, a focus group was held with eight people from different cultural backgrounds, so that their perceptions, regarding the use of the sound and visual elements introduced in the audiovisual narrative, were studied. Likewise, the conclusions were used to demonstrate the importance ―or influence― exerted by technological advances in the frequency of attendance to cinemas. The conclusions of this project are focused on demonstrating the veracity and / or nullity of the hypotheses initially proposed in the methodological framework, defining how the space, according to its descriptive characteristic, fulfils different functions similar to the ones that have the characters within the plot: entertain, inform or communicate. In the case of its function as a decorative resource, it entertains the viewer through an impressive artistic display of visual and sound elements. In its function as a narrative resource, it communicates to the spectator certain situations, modifying the behaviour or the attitude that this will have before the action that develops, so that it incites a determined response from the public. And, as a linguistic resource, it provides information on the data that is unknown to the plot. Also included are the own reflections of the authors of this dissertation.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad I, leída el 03-07-2017