Publication: Tecnologías de membranas para el tratamiento de salmueras y reutilización de membranas
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2018-05-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El crecimiento exponencial de la población mundial durante las últimas décadas, unido al incremento en el uso industrial del agua, la contaminación y el uso indebido de los recursos hídricos son los responsables actuales del problema de la escasez de agua. Esta situación ha obligado a adoptar diferentes mecanismos para la obtención de agua dulce, como la desalación y la recuperación de aguas residuales. En este campo, la desalación del agua del mar se ha convertido en la principal opción utilizada para aliviar el problema de la falta de agua en las regiones costeras. Entre los diferentes procesos de desalación, las tecnologías de membranas son las más utilizadas en todo el mundo. Entre ellas, el proceso de ósmosis inversa (OI) es el método más estudiado e implementado industrialmente debido a su competitividad económica en comparación con otros procesos. Sin embargo, los problemas relacionados con la descarga de salmueras concentradas al medio ambiente no han sido resueltos todavía. Durante los últimos años, la ciencia y tecnología de membranas ha mejorado incesantemente tratando de encontrar soluciones a estos problemas ambientales. Como resultado, otros procesos basados en membranas han aparecido como soluciones adecuadas. Entre ellos, la destilación en membrana (DM) se ha propuesto como un proceso de membrana no isotérmico para tratar soluciones acuosas de alta concentración salina derivadas de otros procesos de desalación para la producción de agua y la reducción del volumen de desecho...
The exponential growth of the world population during last decades, the increment in the industrial use of water, the contamination and the improper use of water resources, are the current responsible of water scarcity problem. This situation has forced to adopt different mechanisms to obtain fresh water, like desalination and wastewater recovery. In this field, desalination of seawater has become the main considered option to alleviate the problem of lack of water in coastal regions. Among the different desalination processes, membrane technologies are the most used worldwide. Among them, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most used and industrially implemented technology because of its economic competitiveness compared with other processes. However, the problem related to the concentrated brine discharge to the environment is not solved yet. During last years, membrane science and technology have been incessantly improving trying to find solutions to this environmental issue. As a result, other membrane-based processes have appeared as suitable solutions. Among them, the thermally-driven membrane process, membrane distillation (MD) has been proposed to treat this high concentrated brine for water production and reduction of its volume. Chapter 2 is dedicated to explore the possibilities of MD technology in the field of desalination. A comprehensive study of MD process is presented including its configurations, mechanisms of transport, membranes, modules, effects of different operating conditions on the MD performance, possibilities to be coupled with other technologies to form integrated/hybrid processes, use of renewable energy systems, etc...
The exponential growth of the world population during last decades, the increment in the industrial use of water, the contamination and the improper use of water resources, are the current responsible of water scarcity problem. This situation has forced to adopt different mechanisms to obtain fresh water, like desalination and wastewater recovery. In this field, desalination of seawater has become the main considered option to alleviate the problem of lack of water in coastal regions. Among the different desalination processes, membrane technologies are the most used worldwide. Among them, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most used and industrially implemented technology because of its economic competitiveness compared with other processes. However, the problem related to the concentrated brine discharge to the environment is not solved yet. During last years, membrane science and technology have been incessantly improving trying to find solutions to this environmental issue. As a result, other membrane-based processes have appeared as suitable solutions. Among them, the thermally-driven membrane process, membrane distillation (MD) has been proposed to treat this high concentrated brine for water production and reduction of its volume. Chapter 2 is dedicated to explore the possibilities of MD technology in the field of desalination. A comprehensive study of MD process is presented including its configurations, mechanisms of transport, membranes, modules, effects of different operating conditions on the MD performance, possibilities to be coupled with other technologies to form integrated/hybrid processes, use of renewable energy systems, etc...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Departamento de Física Aplicada I (Termología), leída el 11-07-2017