Publication: El Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano: una revisión paleoambiental de evidencias aportadas por mamíferos y aves neotropicales
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2018-01
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Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre
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Abstract
Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que la formación del istmo de Panamá (durante el Plioceno hace 3 Ma) facilitó el movimiento de especies entre Sudamérica y Norteamérica. Este proceso ecológico y evolutivo denominado Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano (GABI) es determinante en la configuración de la biota americana actual. Aunque el GABI comenzó a estudiarse principalmente a partir del registro fósil de diversos grupos (especialmente mamíferos), el conocimiento actual de las especies derivado de estudios biogeográficos, filogenéticos, y de un sustancial incremento del registro fósil, así como el aumento significativo del conocimiento geológico de la región, han permitido plantear escenarios donde el GABI adquiere una mayor complejidad y suguieren un panorama de menor aislamiento para Sudamérica durante el Cenozoico. Las evidencias y estudios más recientes en aves y mamíferos apuntan a múltiples procesos de colonización desde finales del Oligoceno con la entrada de algunos grupos de aves y durante el Mioceno con la colonización de algunos taxones de ambos grupos, eventos que serían previos a lo que habitualmente se ha considerado para el proceso de intercambio. El GABI plenamente establecido, se constituye de 4 fases a lo largo del Plio-Pleistoceno, en cada una de éstas, se presentarón diferentes oleadas de colonización de linajes entre ambos continentes. Asimismo, durante el Pleistoceno-Holoceno se evidenciaron diversos procesos de extinción de especies, la explicación de cuáles fueron los factores determinantes en estos procesos han sido causa de debate, por lo que se discute el estado de la cuestión, mostrando a través de la evidencia cómo se presenta un importante cambio de paradigma con explicaciones basadas en la relevancia de los factores paleogeográficos y los cambios ambientales en los procesos de adaptación biómica, abandonando la clasida idea de la competencia ecológica entre especies norteñas y sureñas. En conclusión, el proceso resulta ser un entramado complejo de interacciónes bióticas condicionadas principalmente por factores abióticos cambiantes acaecidos durante el proceso de configuración paleoambiental de las américas.
Under classical point of view, the formation of the Panama Isthmus during Pliocene (3 Ma ago) would have allowed the species interchange between North America and South America. This ecological and evolutionary process named Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) would be determinant in the configuration of the current american biota. This process began to be studied with information from the fossil record in diverse taxa (especially mammals). Furthermore, information from extant species, biogeographic aspects, phylogenetical analysis, a constant growing of fossil record, as well as a significant increase in the geological knowledge of the zone, have allowed us to propose scenarios for a high complexity GABI processes and suggest a scenario of less isolation for South America during the Cenozoic. The most recent evidence derived from studies in birds and mammals point to multiple colonization events since the late Oligocene with the entry of some bird groups, and later along the Miocene with the colonization of lineages in both taxa, these events were previous to what has usually been considered for the interchange process. The fully established GABI is constituted by 4 phases along the Plio-Pleistocene, in each one of them, different waves of colonization were presented between both continents in a great diversity of lineages. Also during Pleistocene-Holocene several processes of extinction were evidenced, the explanation of which were the determining factors in these processes have been cause of debate, this aspect is discussed in our paper, showing through the evidence an important paradigm with explanations based on the relevance of paleogeographic factors and environmental changes in the adaptation processes to biomes. Thus, we leave the classical idea of ecological competition between northern and southern species. In conclusion, the process turns out to be a complex network of biotic interactions conditioned mainly by changing abiotic factors during the paleoenvironmental configuration of the Americas.
Under classical point of view, the formation of the Panama Isthmus during Pliocene (3 Ma ago) would have allowed the species interchange between North America and South America. This ecological and evolutionary process named Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) would be determinant in the configuration of the current american biota. This process began to be studied with information from the fossil record in diverse taxa (especially mammals). Furthermore, information from extant species, biogeographic aspects, phylogenetical analysis, a constant growing of fossil record, as well as a significant increase in the geological knowledge of the zone, have allowed us to propose scenarios for a high complexity GABI processes and suggest a scenario of less isolation for South America during the Cenozoic. The most recent evidence derived from studies in birds and mammals point to multiple colonization events since the late Oligocene with the entry of some bird groups, and later along the Miocene with the colonization of lineages in both taxa, these events were previous to what has usually been considered for the interchange process. The fully established GABI is constituted by 4 phases along the Plio-Pleistocene, in each one of them, different waves of colonization were presented between both continents in a great diversity of lineages. Also during Pleistocene-Holocene several processes of extinction were evidenced, the explanation of which were the determining factors in these processes have been cause of debate, this aspect is discussed in our paper, showing through the evidence an important paradigm with explanations based on the relevance of paleogeographic factors and environmental changes in the adaptation processes to biomes. Thus, we leave the classical idea of ecological competition between northern and southern species. In conclusion, the process turns out to be a complex network of biotic interactions conditioned mainly by changing abiotic factors during the paleoenvironmental configuration of the Americas.