Publication: Opinión pública fiscal y medios de comunicación en España
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2018-06-04
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La socialización política genera una cultura cívica entre los ciudadanos, dentro de la que subsume la cultura fiscal. Sin una adecuada asimilación de estas normas fiscales como propias del resto de normas de convivencia social y democrática, no se asegura la viabilidad del Estado por la demostrada correlación estadística negativa entre el nivel de economía sumergida de un país y su nivel de moral tributaria. Por tanto, para ser un buen ciudadano es necesario ser socializado políticamente de manera adecuada, entre cuyos valores y normas del ámbito económico deben contenerse las cuestiones fiscales. Hemos estudiado el papel de los medios, como intermediarios entre las élites políticas que diseñan el sistema tributario y los ciudadanos, quienes asumen este diseño de forma más o menos responsable. Los medios son un agente de socialización secundaria clave entre los adultos, por lo que el objetivo de esta tesis ha sido explorar la relación entre los medios de comunicación impresos (prensa escrita) y la opinión pública fiscal, como parte sustancial del fenómeno de la conformación de una cultura fiscal a través de los relatos periodísticos. Los diarios proveen a los ciudadanos de claves interpretativas (priming y framing) para entender la realidad política, siendo las cuestiones tributarias parte de esta realidad “refractada”. Y es, a través de la opinión pública fiscal, donde se ponen de manifiesto el conjunto de significados compartidos por la ciudadanía sobre una de sus responsabilidades democrática: la tributaria. A lo largo de la presente tesis hemos tratado de analizar los efectos psicosociales de los medios de comunicación, como protagonistas del nuevo espacio público, en torno a las cuestiones tributarias. Situándonos en los años inmediatamente previos a la crisis económica española, hemos tratado de evitar el negativismo económico intrínseco a esta coyuntura económica; así como el que pudiera derivarse de la reciente ruptura, también provocada por la crisis, del pacto fiscal entre Estado y contribuyentes...
Political socialisation generates a civic culture among citizens, which includes fiscal culture. If these fiscal norms are not fully assimilated and accepted as part of the general framework of rules governing social and democratic coexistence, the viability of the State cannot be assured. It is proven the negative statistical correlation between a country’s level of underground economy and its level of tax morale. Therefore, in order to be good citizens, people must receive appropriate political socialisation, which must encompass fiscal matters within its set of financial and economic values and norms. This thesis seeks to study the role of the media, as intermediaries between the political elites, who design the taxation system, and citizens, who accept this design with varying degrees of responsibility. The media are a key agent of secondary socialisation among adults; hence the purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between the printed media (printed press) and public tax opinion, as a substantial element in shaping fiscal culture through journalistic reporting. Newspapers provide citizens with keys (priming and framing) to interpret and understand political reality, and issues surrounding taxation are part of this ‘refracted’ reality. And public tax opinion manifests the set of meanings shared by citizens about one of their democratic responsibilities: taxation. This thesis endeavours to analyse the psychosocial effects of the media, as protagonists of the new public space, regarding issues of taxation. Looking at the years immediately prior to the economic crisis in Spain, the aim has at all times been to avoid the economic negativism intrinsic to such economic circumstances, as well as any that might have derived from the recent breakdown – also caused by the crisis – of the fiscal pact between State and taxpayers. The analysis conducted seeks to verify empirically whether there are parallels – and the extent thereof – between the climate of tax opinion reflected in surveys and opinion about fiscal matters construed by the Spanish press (El País, El Mundo and ABC) over the course of three specific years (2000, 2004 and 2008). Media tax opinion (the media) and public tax opinion (surveys) are compared by segments, distinguishing between two ideological profiles: progressive and conservative...
Political socialisation generates a civic culture among citizens, which includes fiscal culture. If these fiscal norms are not fully assimilated and accepted as part of the general framework of rules governing social and democratic coexistence, the viability of the State cannot be assured. It is proven the negative statistical correlation between a country’s level of underground economy and its level of tax morale. Therefore, in order to be good citizens, people must receive appropriate political socialisation, which must encompass fiscal matters within its set of financial and economic values and norms. This thesis seeks to study the role of the media, as intermediaries between the political elites, who design the taxation system, and citizens, who accept this design with varying degrees of responsibility. The media are a key agent of secondary socialisation among adults; hence the purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between the printed media (printed press) and public tax opinion, as a substantial element in shaping fiscal culture through journalistic reporting. Newspapers provide citizens with keys (priming and framing) to interpret and understand political reality, and issues surrounding taxation are part of this ‘refracted’ reality. And public tax opinion manifests the set of meanings shared by citizens about one of their democratic responsibilities: taxation. This thesis endeavours to analyse the psychosocial effects of the media, as protagonists of the new public space, regarding issues of taxation. Looking at the years immediately prior to the economic crisis in Spain, the aim has at all times been to avoid the economic negativism intrinsic to such economic circumstances, as well as any that might have derived from the recent breakdown – also caused by the crisis – of the fiscal pact between State and taxpayers. The analysis conducted seeks to verify empirically whether there are parallels – and the extent thereof – between the climate of tax opinion reflected in surveys and opinion about fiscal matters construed by the Spanish press (El País, El Mundo and ABC) over the course of three specific years (2000, 2004 and 2008). Media tax opinion (the media) and public tax opinion (surveys) are compared by segments, distinguishing between two ideological profiles: progressive and conservative...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, leída el 14-09-2017