Publication: Estudio etnoarqueológico: cadenas operativas de caza y procesado animal entre grupos cazadores-recolectores
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2018-06-21
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Citations
Exportar
Abstract
La presente tesis doctoral emplea trabajos actualistas de Etnoarqueología entre grupos cazadores-recolectores vivos como fuente de información para interpretar adecuadamente los datos sobre los procesos de caza y procesado animal documentables en el registro faunístico de los yacimientos arqueológicos generados por sociedades análogas. No sólo se analizan procesos técnicos, sino que también se busca documentar las motivaciones que influyen en la toma de decisiones durante los mismos. Se estudian conjuntamente todos los pasos de la cadena operativa, desde la preparación de la expedición de caza hasta el momento del descarte y deposición de los últimos restos de las presas. Se usan como principales ejemplos los resultados de tres campañas de documentación desarrolladas entre los Inuit del Oeste de Groenlandia (2012), entre los Ayoreo del Chaco Paraguayo (2014) y entre los Ju/¿hoansi del Kalahari Namibio (2015), además de otra decena de casos etnográficos descritos a través de bibliografía. Para el análisis zooarqueológico se confía en una propuesta de metodología tafonómica que reconoce el mayor número de variables y factores posibles: taxonomía, representación anatómica, fragmentación, alteraciones en las superficies óseas antrópicas y no antrópicas de todo tipo, distribución espacial y procesos postdeposicionales. Asumiendo que el procesado animal por parte de los seres humanos es mucho más variable que el propio de otros carnívoros u omnívoros, se presta especial atención a la influencia de elecciones de tipo cultural y simbólico como una de las causas principales que explican tal variabilidad, a sumar a la influencia de factores funcionalistas obligados y exigidos por el contexto ecológico con el que cada grupo interactúa. Para explicar adecuadamente la lógica común que subyace en los mecanismos de racionalidad que operan tras las elecciones culturales que concurren de forma determinante en la cadena operativa de caza y procesado animal, se emplea una propuesta de interpretación estructuralista. La ontología animista, el aprendizaje y la adquisición del habitus, cuestiones de identidad, género y otras regularidades propias de la idiosincrasia de las sociedades forrajeadoras nómadas e igualitarias son así tenidas en cuenta como factores interrelacionados con las acciones de carácter práctico y puramente subsistenciales hasta ahora reconocidas sólo por la inmensa mayoría de estudios clásicos preexistentes. Puesto que tanto las motivaciones de tipo funcionalista/práctico como las de tipo cultural/simbólico influyen en la gestación del registro arqueológico, ambas han de ser identificadas en él. El objetivo último es la confección de un marco de referencia adecuado que ayude a la correcta interpretación del registro zooarqueológico generado por comunidades forrajeadoras sapiens extintas. Además se van a indicar rasgos no determinados por cuestiones ideacionales que acoten y redirijan la utilidad de la investigación etnoarqueológica para el estudio de comunidades humanas anteriores y sin la capacidad simbólica definitoria de la humanidad sapiens.
This doctoral thesis employs actualistical ethnoarchaeological works between alive hunter-gatherer groups as a source of information to properly understand the data about hunting and animal processing documented in the faunistic record of the archaeological sites generated by analogous societies. Not only are technical processes analyzed, but also the motivations that influence the decision making. All the steps of the operational chain are described, from the design of the hunting expedition until the discarding and deposition of the last bones. As main examples we used the results of three research campaigns with the West Greenland Inuit (2012), with the Ayoreo of the Paraguayan Chaco (2014) and with the Ju/‟hoansi of the Namibian Kalahari (2015), as well as ten additinoal ethnographic cases described in bibliography. For the zooarchaeological analysis we used a taphonomic proposition that takes into account the greatest number of variables and factors: taxonomy, anatomic representation, fragmentation, all the anthropic and non-anthropic alterations in bone surfaces, spatial distribution and postdepositional processes. Assuming that human behavior in animal processing is more variable than that of other carnivores or omnivores, special attention is given to the influence of cultural and symbolic choices as one of the main causes that explains the mentioned variability. These ideational elections must be added to the functionalist factors required by the environmental context with which each group interacts. To properly explain the common logic that underlies in the rationality mechanisms of the cultural choices that greatly influence the operational chains of hunting and animal processing, a structuralist interpretation proposal is used. The animist ontology, the learning and the habitus acquisition, identity issues, gender and other typical regularities of the idiosyncrasy of foraging, egalitarian and nomadic societies are taken into account as related factors to practical actions and purely subsistential up to now recognized by classical studies. The pragmatic/functionalist motivations and the cultural/symbolic ones influence the archaeological record formation and both of them must be identified in it. The first objective is the creation of an appropriate framework to help correctly interpreting the zooarchaeological record generated by extinct Homo sapiens foraging communities. In addition, features not determined by ideational issues will be defined to demarcate and redirect the utility of the ethnoarchaeological research for the study of previous human communities and without the symbolic capacity that defines the sapiens humanity.
This doctoral thesis employs actualistical ethnoarchaeological works between alive hunter-gatherer groups as a source of information to properly understand the data about hunting and animal processing documented in the faunistic record of the archaeological sites generated by analogous societies. Not only are technical processes analyzed, but also the motivations that influence the decision making. All the steps of the operational chain are described, from the design of the hunting expedition until the discarding and deposition of the last bones. As main examples we used the results of three research campaigns with the West Greenland Inuit (2012), with the Ayoreo of the Paraguayan Chaco (2014) and with the Ju/‟hoansi of the Namibian Kalahari (2015), as well as ten additinoal ethnographic cases described in bibliography. For the zooarchaeological analysis we used a taphonomic proposition that takes into account the greatest number of variables and factors: taxonomy, anatomic representation, fragmentation, all the anthropic and non-anthropic alterations in bone surfaces, spatial distribution and postdepositional processes. Assuming that human behavior in animal processing is more variable than that of other carnivores or omnivores, special attention is given to the influence of cultural and symbolic choices as one of the main causes that explains the mentioned variability. These ideational elections must be added to the functionalist factors required by the environmental context with which each group interacts. To properly explain the common logic that underlies in the rationality mechanisms of the cultural choices that greatly influence the operational chains of hunting and animal processing, a structuralist interpretation proposal is used. The animist ontology, the learning and the habitus acquisition, identity issues, gender and other typical regularities of the idiosyncrasy of foraging, egalitarian and nomadic societies are taken into account as related factors to practical actions and purely subsistential up to now recognized by classical studies. The pragmatic/functionalist motivations and the cultural/symbolic ones influence the archaeological record formation and both of them must be identified in it. The first objective is the creation of an appropriate framework to help correctly interpreting the zooarchaeological record generated by extinct Homo sapiens foraging communities. In addition, features not determined by ideational issues will be defined to demarcate and redirect the utility of the ethnoarchaeological research for the study of previous human communities and without the symbolic capacity that defines the sapiens humanity.
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, leída el 26/10/2017