Publication: La integración latinoamericana y el regionalismo estratégico: caso Mercado Común del Sur y Alianza del Pacífico
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2018-08-10
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El mundo de hoy es un lugar excesivamente complejo. Se trata de un ambiente altamente interconectado, con la existencia de una diversidad de actores que ha despojado al Estado, definitivamente, de su rol protagónico en la arena internacional. En un escenario como ese, la cooperación y la integración aparecen como alternativas atractivas –y hasta necesarias- para fomentar la estabilidad y la competitividad de países, empresas, organizaciones e incluso individuos de todo el mundo. Para los Estados, la integración no es un fenómeno reciente, aunque las dinámicas que caracterizan a esta nueva etapa si lo son. En ese sentido, la propia complejidad de la dinámica global ha llevado a repensar la integración. Y esta gestación no es nueva. Tras la crisis mundial de 2008-2009, los países desarrollados han evidenciado una ralentización de sus rendimientos en materia económica. Esto, como es evidente, tiene un impacto en el resto del mundo, del que no queda excluida América Latina. A las necesidades comerciales y económicas, que son las que en gran parte de los casos motivan e impulsan la integración, hay que añadirle elementos del contexto global, como por ejemplo que la “tríada” del poder político-económico mundial ha perdido capacidad de marcar la pauta. Ni Estados Unidos, ni la Unión Europea, ni Japón, quieren, ni pueden, dictar línea. El mundo del G-20 podrá mantenerse formalmente, pero en términos fácticos es cosa del pasado. Tal como lo ha advertido Ian Bremmer, se ha reconfigurado la arena internacional bajo la estructuración de un G-0 en el que nadie tiene peso suficiente para emprender acciones determinantes. Esto ha generado un escenario en el cual absolutamente “todos los actores juegan”, pero en el que nadie juega solo...
Today's world is a very complex place. We are talking about a highly interconnected environment, with the existence of a variety of actors which has taken away from the State, definitively, its leading role in the international arena. In such a scenario, cooperation and integration appear as attractive alternatives -and even necessary- to promote stability and competitiveness of countries, companies, organizations and also individuals around the world. For States, integration is not a recent phenomenon, although the dynamics which characterize this new stage are very recent and changing. In that sense, the complexity of the global dynamics has led to rethink integration. And this redefinition is not new. After the global crisis of 2008-2009, developed countries have shown a slowdown in economic indicators. This, obviously, has an impact on the rest of the world, of which Latin America is not excluded. To trade and economic needs, which are in most of the cases motivate and foster the integration, we must add elements of the global context, such as the fact that the "triad" of political and economic world power has lost capability to determine the path the world should follow. Neither the United States nor Europe nor Japan, want to, or can, give line. The world of G-20 may formally exist, but in factual terms it stayed in the past. As Ian Bremmer warned, the international arena has been reshaped under the structure of a G-0 in which no one has enough weight to take decisive action by self. This has created a scenario in which absolutely "all actors play" but in which no one plays alone...
Today's world is a very complex place. We are talking about a highly interconnected environment, with the existence of a variety of actors which has taken away from the State, definitively, its leading role in the international arena. In such a scenario, cooperation and integration appear as attractive alternatives -and even necessary- to promote stability and competitiveness of countries, companies, organizations and also individuals around the world. For States, integration is not a recent phenomenon, although the dynamics which characterize this new stage are very recent and changing. In that sense, the complexity of the global dynamics has led to rethink integration. And this redefinition is not new. After the global crisis of 2008-2009, developed countries have shown a slowdown in economic indicators. This, obviously, has an impact on the rest of the world, of which Latin America is not excluded. To trade and economic needs, which are in most of the cases motivate and foster the integration, we must add elements of the global context, such as the fact that the "triad" of political and economic world power has lost capability to determine the path the world should follow. Neither the United States nor Europe nor Japan, want to, or can, give line. The world of G-20 may formally exist, but in factual terms it stayed in the past. As Ian Bremmer warned, the international arena has been reshaped under the structure of a G-0 in which no one has enough weight to take decisive action by self. This has created a scenario in which absolutely "all actors play" but in which no one plays alone...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 13-09-2017