Publication: Desarrollo de un biorreactor anaerobio de membrana cerámica de bajo consumo energético para el tratamiento de aguas residuales e industriales de alta carga
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2018-08-29
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La disponibilidad y calidad de las aguas se ha convertido en uno de los mayores problemas del sector industrial a nivel mundial. Por ello, en los últimos años se están realizando grandes esfuerzos en las industrias con el fin de alcanzar un uso sostenible del agua que incluya los nexos agua-energía-alimentación-salud. De esta forma se podrá desligar el crecimiento empresarial del uso excesivo del agua y del impacto ambiental causado por los vertidos industriales. Esta tendencia está motivada por una legislación cada vez más restrictiva en cuanto al consumo del agua y a la carga contaminante vertida al medio desde la industria, así como por una mayor concienciación medioambiental de la sociedad que mueve a las industrias a mejorar su imagen en materia de sostenibilidad. Además, en numerosas ocasiones, una gestión integral del agua permite ahorros económicos significativos. Para ello, se hace necesario el desarrollo de tecnologías más eficaces que permitan alcanzar los nuevos compromisos medioambientales objetivo de estas investigaciones. La industria alimentaria constituye uno de los sectores productivos más relevantes tanto a nivel europeo como nacional, siendo a su vez una de las actividades productivas con mayor consumo de agua y, por tanto, con mayor generación de aguas residuales. Las aguas residuales de este sector se caracterizan por su elevada carga orgánica, lo que implica que suelan ser tratadas mediante sistemas biológicos convencionales. Los tratamientos biológicos normalmente aplicados son aerobios, por su mayor facilidad de operación y de adaptación a cambios en las características del agua a tratar, dada la variabilidad de los procesos productivos del sector. Los tratamientos aerobios permiten alcanzar una calidad del efluente final apta para su vertido, pero cuando se tratan de aguas con altas cargas orgánicas los costes de operación, derivados principalmente de la necesidad de aireación del tanque aerobio y de la generación de fangos, son muy elevados a la vez que requieren reactores de grandes volúmenes...
Water quality is becoming one of the greatest problems in the industry. Therefore, in the last years the industrial sector is making great efforts to achieve the integral, sustainable use of the water resources that includes the water-energy-alimentation-health nexus. Likewise, this tendency is accompanied by an increasingly restrictive legislation on the consumption of water resources and on the water quality disposed of in the environment. It becomes therefore necessary to develop new technologies to embrace these new environmental commitments. Among the different industrial sectors, food industry is one of the most relevant at European and Spanish level and, in turn, one of the productive activities with higher water consumption and wastewater generation. Given that wastewaters produced in the food industry usually exhibit high biodegradable organic content, these waters are usually treated by conventional biological methods. Biological treatments normally applied are aerobic processes due to their greater ease of operation and their capacity of adaptation to changes in the water streams. Although aerobic treatments are able to complete the degradation up to the legal limits, their operating costs can rise significantly when treating highly loaded wastewater due to the bioreactor aeration needs and large quantities of sludge they generate. Biological anaerobic treatments represent a very attractive alternative for the treatment of highly loaded biodegradable streams, especially due to the possibility of generating a biogas with high concentration of methane with the degradation of organic matter. In addition, these systems have lower operating costs because it is not necessary to aerate the reactors while they also present lower requirements of nutrients and less generation of sludge. However, anaerobic treatments are less widespread because of their greater operational complexity and the slower growth rate of the anaerobic microbiota involved in the digestion process, which implies high retention times for the treatment of heavily loaded water...
Water quality is becoming one of the greatest problems in the industry. Therefore, in the last years the industrial sector is making great efforts to achieve the integral, sustainable use of the water resources that includes the water-energy-alimentation-health nexus. Likewise, this tendency is accompanied by an increasingly restrictive legislation on the consumption of water resources and on the water quality disposed of in the environment. It becomes therefore necessary to develop new technologies to embrace these new environmental commitments. Among the different industrial sectors, food industry is one of the most relevant at European and Spanish level and, in turn, one of the productive activities with higher water consumption and wastewater generation. Given that wastewaters produced in the food industry usually exhibit high biodegradable organic content, these waters are usually treated by conventional biological methods. Biological treatments normally applied are aerobic processes due to their greater ease of operation and their capacity of adaptation to changes in the water streams. Although aerobic treatments are able to complete the degradation up to the legal limits, their operating costs can rise significantly when treating highly loaded wastewater due to the bioreactor aeration needs and large quantities of sludge they generate. Biological anaerobic treatments represent a very attractive alternative for the treatment of highly loaded biodegradable streams, especially due to the possibility of generating a biogas with high concentration of methane with the degradation of organic matter. In addition, these systems have lower operating costs because it is not necessary to aerate the reactors while they also present lower requirements of nutrients and less generation of sludge. However, anaerobic treatments are less widespread because of their greater operational complexity and the slower growth rate of the anaerobic microbiota involved in the digestion process, which implies high retention times for the treatment of heavily loaded water...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, leída el 21-06-2017