Publication: Degradación y reciclaje de elastómeros: fundamentos estructurales y aplicaciones
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2018-09-03
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El consumo a nivel mundial de elastómeros supera los 26 millones de toneladas, con un porcentaje de participación del caucho natural cercano al 45%, el otro restante corresponde a cauchos sintéticos. Gran parte de esta producción se destina a la fabricación de neumáticos, donde el caucho natural (NR) y de butadieno (BR) son matrices esenciales. En este sentido, los elastómeros de NR y BR pueden ser considerados como los más representativos dentro de la ciencia y tecnología de elastómeros no solo por su consumo individual, sino también porque su estructura química se encuentra en un gran número de elastómeros como los caucho de poliisopreno sintético (IR), copolímeros de estireno-butadieno (SBR), cauchos nitrílicos (NBR o copolímeros de butadieno acrilonitrilo), etc. Su uso es tan generalizado en la industria debido a sus propiedades elásticas únicas, siendo la producción de neumáticos para el sector de transportes una de las industrias más representativas. Todo gracias a una red polimérica tridimensional obtenida a través de la formación de entrecruzamiento entre las cadenas de caucho durante el proceso de vulcanización, lo que permite recuperaciones de forma muy amplias a pesar de que se apliquen sobre ellos grandes deformaciones. Esta ventaja industrial en cuanto a propiedades y aplicaciones de unos materiales únicos, es a la vez un grave inconveniente a la hora de tratar los desechos de su procesado y los productos de caucho una vez finalizan su vida útil. El mercado se encuentra con la problemática de tratar residuos de consumo de alta estabilidad, que no se descomponen fácilmente y para los que se han empleado grandes cantidades de energía en su fabricación. El balance energético y económico obliga a la industria a una búsqueda de estrategias que le permitan el máximo aprovechamiento de las materias una vez se agoten su utilidad...
The worldwide consumption of elastomers exceeds 26 million tons, with a natural rubber share of close to 45%, the other remaining corresponds to synthetic rubbers. Much of this production goes to the manufacture of tires, where natural rubber (NR) and butadiene (BR) are essential matrices. In this sense, the elastomers of NR and BR can be considered as the most representative within the science and technology of elastomers not only for their individual consumption, but also because their chemical structure is found in a large number of elastomers such as rubber. Synthetic polyisoprene (IR), styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymers, nitrile rubbers (NBR or butadiene acrylonitrile copolymers), etc. Its use is so widespread in the industry due to its unique elastic properties, the production of tires for the transport sector being one of the most representative industries. All thanks to a three-dimensional polymer network obtained through the formation of cross-linking between the rubber chains during the vulcanization process, which allows very extensive recoveries even though large deformations are applied thereto. This industrial advantage in terms of properties and applications of unique materials is at the same time a serious drawback in the treatment of the wastes from its processing and the rubber products once they have finished their useful life. The market is faced with the problem of treating consumer waste with high stability, which do not decompose easily and for which large amounts of energy have been used in its manufacture. The energy and economic balance forces the industry to search for strategies that allow the maximum use of the materials once they are exhausted...
The worldwide consumption of elastomers exceeds 26 million tons, with a natural rubber share of close to 45%, the other remaining corresponds to synthetic rubbers. Much of this production goes to the manufacture of tires, where natural rubber (NR) and butadiene (BR) are essential matrices. In this sense, the elastomers of NR and BR can be considered as the most representative within the science and technology of elastomers not only for their individual consumption, but also because their chemical structure is found in a large number of elastomers such as rubber. Synthetic polyisoprene (IR), styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymers, nitrile rubbers (NBR or butadiene acrylonitrile copolymers), etc. Its use is so widespread in the industry due to its unique elastic properties, the production of tires for the transport sector being one of the most representative industries. All thanks to a three-dimensional polymer network obtained through the formation of cross-linking between the rubber chains during the vulcanization process, which allows very extensive recoveries even though large deformations are applied thereto. This industrial advantage in terms of properties and applications of unique materials is at the same time a serious drawback in the treatment of the wastes from its processing and the rubber products once they have finished their useful life. The market is faced with the problem of treating consumer waste with high stability, which do not decompose easily and for which large amounts of energy have been used in its manufacture. The energy and economic balance forces the industry to search for strategies that allow the maximum use of the materials once they are exhausted...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, leída el 26-06-2017