Publication: Cambios conductuales e inmunitarios en el envejecimiento cronológico, prematuro y acelerado. Estrategias para una longevidad saludable
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2018-09-19
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El envejecimiento es un proceso universal, intrínseco, progresivo y deletéreo que podría definirse como el conjunto de cambios que afectan a todas nuestras células y tejidos al avanzar la edad, llevando a una pérdida progresiva de nuestras capacidades fisiológicas así como a una incapacidad para mantener la homeocinesis. Así mismo, el envejecimiento también se caracteriza por su heterogeneidad, de manera que no todos los cambios que suceden en los sistemas de un organismo se producen a la misma velocidad, así como tampoco lo hacen los individuos con una misma edad cronológica, lo que hace surgir el concepto de “edad biológica”, considerado un mejor indicador de la velocidad a la que envejece un individuo que la edad cronológica y siendo, por tanto, determinante de su esperanza de vida. Según la teoría de la oxidación-inflamación, este deterioro asociado con la edad sería consecuencia de un estrés oxidativo crónico asociado a un estrés inflamatorio, los cuales afectarían a todas las células, pero de manera más relevante a las de los sistemas reguladores, el nervioso, el endocrino y el inmunitario. La afectación de estos sistemas y, consecuentemente, de la comunicación entre ellos (comunicación psiconeuroinmunoendocrina) deteriora la homeocinesis y aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad. Además, en esta teoría se propone que dadas las características del sistema inmunitario, el cual necesita producir oxidantes y compuestos inflamatorios en su función defensiva frente a patógenos y cánceres, si dicha producción no está bien regulada, puede entrar en un círculo vicioso que aumente el estrés oxidativo e inflamatorio del organismo. De esta forma, se sugiere que el sistema inmunitario no sólo puede modular la velocidad de envejecimiento de cada individuo sino que su capacidad funcional supone un excelente marcador del estado de salud. Los cambios que afectan al sistema inmunitario al envejecer se recogen bajo el término de inmunosenescencia y abarcan todos los niveles de organización de dicho sistema, desde genético hasta funcional...
Aging is a universal, intrinsic, progressive and deleterious process which induces changes affecting the whole organism, leading to a continual loss of the physiological capacities as well as an inability to maintain the homeocinetic balance. In addition, the aging process is characterized by its great heterogeneity, since there are different rates of physiological changes in the various systems of organization of the organism as well as within the individuals of the same population with the same chronological age. This phenomenon led to the concept of “biological age”, which is a better indicator than chronological age to determine the rate of aging and, consequently, the life expectancy of each subject. According to the oxi-inflamm-aging theory, the age-related decline is the result of the establishment of an oxidative and inflammatory chronic stress affecting the whole organism, specially the regulatory systems namely the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. This age-associated impairment of the regulatory systems leads to the loss of the communication between them (the psychoneuroimmunoendocrine communication) and consequently to the loss of homeocinesis, increasing morbidity and mortality. Moreover, as a consequence of its defensive activity against pathogens and tumorogenic processes, the immune cells produce great amount of oxidant and inflammatory compounds. Thus, the inflammation and oxidative stress generated by leukocytes throughout life in physiological conditions, when not perfectly regulated, may aggravate the age-related oxidative and inflammatory chronic stress of the organism. Moreover, it has been proposed that the immune system not only modulates the rate of aging of each subject but also its functional capacity may be considered an excellent marker of health status...
Aging is a universal, intrinsic, progressive and deleterious process which induces changes affecting the whole organism, leading to a continual loss of the physiological capacities as well as an inability to maintain the homeocinetic balance. In addition, the aging process is characterized by its great heterogeneity, since there are different rates of physiological changes in the various systems of organization of the organism as well as within the individuals of the same population with the same chronological age. This phenomenon led to the concept of “biological age”, which is a better indicator than chronological age to determine the rate of aging and, consequently, the life expectancy of each subject. According to the oxi-inflamm-aging theory, the age-related decline is the result of the establishment of an oxidative and inflammatory chronic stress affecting the whole organism, specially the regulatory systems namely the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. This age-associated impairment of the regulatory systems leads to the loss of the communication between them (the psychoneuroimmunoendocrine communication) and consequently to the loss of homeocinesis, increasing morbidity and mortality. Moreover, as a consequence of its defensive activity against pathogens and tumorogenic processes, the immune cells produce great amount of oxidant and inflammatory compounds. Thus, the inflammation and oxidative stress generated by leukocytes throughout life in physiological conditions, when not perfectly regulated, may aggravate the age-related oxidative and inflammatory chronic stress of the organism. Moreover, it has been proposed that the immune system not only modulates the rate of aging of each subject but also its functional capacity may be considered an excellent marker of health status...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiología Animal II, leída el 3-07-2017