Publication: Alternativas e incertidumbres de las cláusulas de solución de controversias en la contratación marítima internacional
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2018-10
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Universidad Carlos III
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Abstract
Las controversias de carácter jurisdiccional son muy comunes en litigios derivados de la contratación marítima interna-cional y, en este contexto, la elección del foro es una cuestión capital. Tanto las cláusulas atributivas de jurisdicción y como las cláusulas de arbitraje son dos mecanismos diferentes que ayudan a garantizar la imparcialidad y la previsibi-lidad en la resolución de las controversias internacionales. A pesar de sus beneficios, en el contexto de los documentos de transporte marítimo internacional estas cláusulas pueden ser inconvenientes para las partes que se ven obligadas a litigar ante foros lejanos. La mayoría de los conocimientos de embarque contienen atributivas de jurisdicción que establecen que las partes deben acudir a determinado tribunal para resolver cualquier controversia que surja en relación con el contrato de transporte internacional. Sin embargo, cuando se emite un conocimiento de embarque bajo una cláusula de fletamento que incorpore expresamente la cláusula de arbitraje, las partes en el contrato de transporte in-cluidas en el conocimiento de embarque, pueden verse obligados a acudir al arbitraje. El art. 468 Ley de Navegación Marítima regula la validez formal de aquellas cláusulas de jurisdicción y arbitraje que prevean la sumisión de las partes a una jurisdicción extranjera o a un arbitraje en el extranjero e impone la negociación individual y separada de ambas cláusulas como requisito de validez.
Disputes about jurisdiction are very common in litigation arising from international maritime contracting. In this con-text the choice of forum is an important matter. Jurisdiction and arbitration clauses are two different mechanisms that help to ensure impartiality and predictability in international dispute resolution. Despite their benefits, in the context of international maritime transport documents these clauses can be inconvenient for parties that are forced to litigate many times before distant fora. Most bills of lading contain jurisdiction clauses providing that parties are to resolve any disputes arising in connection with the contract of carriage contained in the bill through litigation in the courts. Where a bill of lading is issued under a charter party, however, and where it expressly incorporates the charter party’s arbitra-tion clause into its terms, the parties to the contract of carriage contained in the bill of lading, including any transferees of the bill, may be obliged to refer their disputes to arbitration. Article 468 of the new Maritime Navigation Act regu-lates the formal validity of choice of court agreements and arbitration agreements establishing the submission to a foreign court or to an arbitration located abroad.
Disputes about jurisdiction are very common in litigation arising from international maritime contracting. In this con-text the choice of forum is an important matter. Jurisdiction and arbitration clauses are two different mechanisms that help to ensure impartiality and predictability in international dispute resolution. Despite their benefits, in the context of international maritime transport documents these clauses can be inconvenient for parties that are forced to litigate many times before distant fora. Most bills of lading contain jurisdiction clauses providing that parties are to resolve any disputes arising in connection with the contract of carriage contained in the bill through litigation in the courts. Where a bill of lading is issued under a charter party, however, and where it expressly incorporates the charter party’s arbitra-tion clause into its terms, the parties to the contract of carriage contained in the bill of lading, including any transferees of the bill, may be obliged to refer their disputes to arbitration. Article 468 of the new Maritime Navigation Act regu-lates the formal validity of choice of court agreements and arbitration agreements establishing the submission to a foreign court or to an arbitration located abroad.