Publication: De la hegemonía de la matrona al control de los cirujanos. El arte de la partear en el siglo XVIII y principios del XIX.
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2018-06-18
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Abstract
Los cuidados materno-infantiles no solo han sido considerados de gran importancia a lo largo de la historia, sino que también han estado presentes en las fuentes documentales de muchas épocas. Sin embargo, fue a partir del siglo XVIII, cuando estos cuidados obtuvieron gran relevancia, no solo a nivel social, sino también desde un punto de vista institucional y sobre todo médico. Durante esta época, los cirujanos adquirieron mayor reconocimiento, y en su ejercicio pusieron la atención en la Obstetricia, intentando reducir y dirigir el papel de las matronas. Con esta revisión se intentará analizar el relevante papel de las parteras del Madrid del siglo XVIII y cómo vieron reducidas sus competencias en la atención al parto, hasta el punto de dirigir su ejercicio a través del control de los cirujanos que las formarán el su Colegio y las examinarán en sus tribunales. Para ello se ha utilizado el análisis de fuentes primarias y bibliográficas en diferentes bases de datos y en la consulta directa en Bibliotecas Históricas,
que han permitido contextualizar históricamente el proceso de atención al parto en el Madrid del siglo XVIII y concretamente en el Colegio de Cirugía de San Carlos de Madrid. El desarrollo de la revisión ha permitido alcanzar los objetivos planteados y llegar a la conclusión de la necesidad de realizar estudios históricos en los que plasmar cómo la evolución de los cuidados enfermeros se ha visto hasta la actualidad, condicionada por los procesos de avance y retroceso de determinadas situaciones históricas.
Maternal care not only has been of great importance throughout history, but has also been present in documentary sources of many historical periods. Nevertheless, it was since the 18th century that these healthcare measures gained enormous relevance, not only in a social perspective but also from an institutional viewpoint, especially a medical one. During this period, surgeons acquired greater acknowledgement, and in their work they focused on the field of obstetrics, trying to reduce and lead midwives roles. In this review we will analyze their work which was of utmost importance during the 18th century and how their tasks were reduced and supervised to the point their work was fully directed by the surgeons that will also establish control through their educational process and assessment. For this purpose primary and bibliographical sources from diverse databases and historical libraries have been used. Through this research, historical contextualization in the 18th century of the process of labor and birth has been possible. In particular, the events that took place in “Real Colegio de Cirugía de San Carlos” (San Carlos Royal College of Surgery). This review has permitted to achieve the proposed goals arriving at the conclusion that historical studies displaying the progression of nursing care up to the present day are essential due to specific historical circumstances which can easily obscure our viewpoint leaving behind valuable information.
Maternal care not only has been of great importance throughout history, but has also been present in documentary sources of many historical periods. Nevertheless, it was since the 18th century that these healthcare measures gained enormous relevance, not only in a social perspective but also from an institutional viewpoint, especially a medical one. During this period, surgeons acquired greater acknowledgement, and in their work they focused on the field of obstetrics, trying to reduce and lead midwives roles. In this review we will analyze their work which was of utmost importance during the 18th century and how their tasks were reduced and supervised to the point their work was fully directed by the surgeons that will also establish control through their educational process and assessment. For this purpose primary and bibliographical sources from diverse databases and historical libraries have been used. Through this research, historical contextualization in the 18th century of the process of labor and birth has been possible. In particular, the events that took place in “Real Colegio de Cirugía de San Carlos” (San Carlos Royal College of Surgery). This review has permitted to achieve the proposed goals arriving at the conclusion that historical studies displaying the progression of nursing care up to the present day are essential due to specific historical circumstances which can easily obscure our viewpoint leaving behind valuable information.