Publication: El uso de antibióticos en la industria alimentaria y su contribución al desarrollo de resistencias. Determinantes de la diseminación de la resistencia a la colistina
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2017-06
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Abstract
Desde los años sesenta, los antibióticos han sido utilizados en la ganadería como promotores del crecimiento, en profilaxis y para el tratamiento de infecciones. El uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos en la ganadería, con cifras de consumo que doblan las de uso humano, ha dado lugar a la emergencia de patógenos resistentes a antibióticos en la producción alimentaria. Debido a la exposición subinhibitoria, que lleva a una presión selectiva, las bacterias pueden desarrollar resistencias por mutaciones cromosómicas y se puede dar la diseminación mediante transferencia horizontal. Dentro de la cadena alimentaria existen diferentes vías de contacto directas e indirectas de las bacterias resistentes presentes en animales con la población, exponiendo así la salud humana. Por ello debe plantearse un enfoque multidisciplinar, dentro del concepto “One Health”, adquiriendo las medidas necesarias. La colistina, es uno de los pocos antibióticos peptídicos catiónicos comercializados tanto en humanos como en la medicina veterinaria. En los últimos 20 años ha sido utilizada como último recurso para tratar infecciones causadas por bacterias Gram negativas multirresistentes como Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, y Klebsiella pneumoniae. La colistina se ha utilizado extensamente como promotor del crecimiento en piensos de animales, como profiláctico para el control de las infecciones con Enterobacteriaceae y también como terapéutico. Con el reciente descubrimiento de la resistencia a colistina mediada a través del plásmido mcr-1 y la alta prevalencia en muestras de animal portadoras de éste gen, comparadas con otros orígenes, la ganadería ha sido señalada como el principal reservorio de la resistencia a la colistina y por lo tanto la principal fuente para su diseminación. Es de crucial importancia prohibir su uso en piensos y como profiláctico y establecer guías de uso racional.
From the 1960s, antibiotics have been used on livestock as growth promoters, for prophylaxis and to treat infections. The indiscriminate use, with overall figures on animal husbandry that doubles those from human consumption, has led to the emergence of foodborne bacteria resistance. Due to the subinhibitory exposition that drives to selective pressure, resistance can develop through chromosomic mutations and horizontal transfer. There are different direct or indirect ways of contact between resistant bacteria foodborne and human health. This is why and interdisciplinary approach, within the concept One Health needs to be acquired. Colistin, is one of the few peptide-cationic-antibiotic commercialised for both human and veterinary medicine. For years it has been used to treat infections caused by multidrug resistance Gram Negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Colistin has been widely used as a growth promoter on animal feed, as prophylaxis for Enterobacteriaceae infections and also in therapeutics. With the recent finding plasmid mediated resistance to colistine (mcr-1) and the high prevalence of animal samples harbouring this gene, bacterial husbandry has been pointed out as the principal reservoir for the resistance. It is critically important to ban it´s use on animal feed and in prophylaxis and to stablish guidelines for its rational use.
From the 1960s, antibiotics have been used on livestock as growth promoters, for prophylaxis and to treat infections. The indiscriminate use, with overall figures on animal husbandry that doubles those from human consumption, has led to the emergence of foodborne bacteria resistance. Due to the subinhibitory exposition that drives to selective pressure, resistance can develop through chromosomic mutations and horizontal transfer. There are different direct or indirect ways of contact between resistant bacteria foodborne and human health. This is why and interdisciplinary approach, within the concept One Health needs to be acquired. Colistin, is one of the few peptide-cationic-antibiotic commercialised for both human and veterinary medicine. For years it has been used to treat infections caused by multidrug resistance Gram Negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Colistin has been widely used as a growth promoter on animal feed, as prophylaxis for Enterobacteriaceae infections and also in therapeutics. With the recent finding plasmid mediated resistance to colistine (mcr-1) and the high prevalence of animal samples harbouring this gene, bacterial husbandry has been pointed out as the principal reservoir for the resistance. It is critically important to ban it´s use on animal feed and in prophylaxis and to stablish guidelines for its rational use.