Publication: Influencia de los parámetros de operación y de la condición del sólido en el proceso de extracción con CO₂ supercrítico. Aplicación en el desarrollo de procesos sostenibles de interés comercial
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2019-07-30
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Un componente puro está en estado supercrítico si su temperatura y presión son mayores de los valores críticos. El fluido supercrítico (sc) más empleado es el CO2 ya que su punto crítico es fácilmente alcanzable (31,1 ºC y 7,4 MPa), está disponible, no es tóxico ni reactivo y es barato. En esta fase, se vuelve apolar y permite extraer componentes orgánicos de matrices sólidas con facilidad. En un proceso de extracción supercrítica (ESC) se hace pasar una corriente de CO2, a través de un extractor donde se dispone la materia prima. A su paso por el lecho y en función de las condiciones de extracción, el CO2 se carga selectivamente de los compuestos más solubles. Una vez fuera del extractor, se despresuriza para recoger el extracto precipitado y recircular el disolvente. En la introducción de esta tesis se repasa las aplicaciones comerciales de la ESC y se describen las que actualmente tienen mejores perspectivas de llevarse a cabo a escala industrial. Este estudio se realizó revisando la actividad de las ingenierías que diseñan equipos de ESC. Entre las aplicaciones de mayor interés, están las destinadas a la obtención de extractos como antioxidantes, esteroles, aromas, colorantes, etc., tanto de residuos vegetales (para su revalorización) como de nuevas materias primas: microalgas o cáñamo...
A pure component is in supercritical state if its temperature and pressure are higher than the critical values. The most commonly used supercritical (sc) fluid is CO2, as its critical point is easily reached (31.1°C and 7.4 MPa); it is readily available, cheap, non-toxic and non-reactive. At supercritical conditions, it becomes non-polar and allows to extract organic components from solid matrices with ease. In a supercritical extraction (SCE) process, a stream of the supercritical solvent, usually CO2, is passed through an extractor where the raw material is placed. As it passes through the bed, and depending on the extraction conditions, CO2 is selectively charged from the most soluble compounds. Once out of the extractor, it is depressurized to collect the precipitated extract. The fluid is then recirculated. The introduction to this thesis briefly reviews the commercial applications of supercritical extraction and describes those that are most likely to be carried out on an industrial scale. This study was conducted by reviewing the activity of the engineering firms designing SCE equipment. Among the applications of greatest interest are those aimed at obtaining extracts as antioxidants, sterols, aromas, dyes, etc., both from biomass waste (for its revalorization) and novel raw materials: microalgae or hemp...
A pure component is in supercritical state if its temperature and pressure are higher than the critical values. The most commonly used supercritical (sc) fluid is CO2, as its critical point is easily reached (31.1°C and 7.4 MPa); it is readily available, cheap, non-toxic and non-reactive. At supercritical conditions, it becomes non-polar and allows to extract organic components from solid matrices with ease. In a supercritical extraction (SCE) process, a stream of the supercritical solvent, usually CO2, is passed through an extractor where the raw material is placed. As it passes through the bed, and depending on the extraction conditions, CO2 is selectively charged from the most soluble compounds. Once out of the extractor, it is depressurized to collect the precipitated extract. The fluid is then recirculated. The introduction to this thesis briefly reviews the commercial applications of supercritical extraction and describes those that are most likely to be carried out on an industrial scale. This study was conducted by reviewing the activity of the engineering firms designing SCE equipment. Among the applications of greatest interest are those aimed at obtaining extracts as antioxidants, sterols, aromas, dyes, etc., both from biomass waste (for its revalorization) and novel raw materials: microalgae or hemp...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, leída el 17/12/2018. Tesis formato europeo (compendio de artículos)