Publication: Digitalización, robotización, trabajo y vida: cartografías, debates y prácticas
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Publication Date
2019
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Como introducción al monográfico de este número, este artículo rastrea el ‘estado del arte’ de los debates sobre los efectos de los procesos de digitalización y robotización en el futuro del trabajo y del empleo. Revisa críticamente dos enfoques dominantes sobre si se va a producir un futuro desempleo tecnológico masivo o si, por el contrario, se producirá nuevamente un desplazamiento de la fuerza de trabajo a nuevos empleos con tareas y cualificaciones digitales, con ganadores y perdedores de la digitalización. Un primer enfoque es denominado digitalización de sustitución, que plantea la inevitabilidad de un masivo desempleo tecnológico por las disrupciones laborales de las nuevas tecnologías digitales (e Industria 4.0), que acabarán con múltiples ocupaciones y sus empleos, que serán automatizados. Un segundo enfoque alternativo será denominado como digitalización de tareas, centrado en plantear que la digitalización no elimina ocupaciones completas sino tareas específicas de los puestos de trabajo, potenciando la eliminación de algunos empleos y la creación de nuevos puestos de trabajo que permitirán el incremento del empleo global. Se enfatizará que ambas perspectivas coinciden en la aparición de perdedores y ganadores de la digitalización, con la necesidad de intervenir en los sistemas de formación y reciclaje del factor humano. Por último, se planteará una estrategia de diseño tecnológico de digitalización de integración, basado en plantear la industria 4.0 como una oportunidad para reforzar el uso colaborativo de las nuevas tecnologías digitales con la recualificación del factor humano.
As an introduction to this monographic issue, this article reviews the ‘state of the art’ about the effects of digitalization and robotization processes on the future of work and employment. A critical review of two dominant approaches on whether a future massive technological unemployment will emerge or if, on the contrary, there will be a displacement of workforce to new jobs with digital tasks and qualifications, with winners and losers of digitalization. A first approach is named substitution digitalization, which predicts the inevitability of massive technological unemployment due to disruptions of new digital technologies (and Industry 4.0) in labor and work processes, which will eliminate multiple occupations and their jobs because their automation. A second alternative approach will be named as task digitalization, defending that digitalization does not eliminate complete occupations but rather specific tasks of jobs, pushing the elimination of some jobs and the creation of new jobs that will increase the global employment figures. It will be emphasized that both perspectives coincide in the appearance of losers and winners of digitalization, with a need to intervene in the training and lifelong learning structures for the human factor. Finally, a technological design strategy named integration digitalization will be considered, considering Industry 4.0 as an opportunity to reinforce the collaborative use of new digital technologies with the reskilling of human factor
As an introduction to this monographic issue, this article reviews the ‘state of the art’ about the effects of digitalization and robotization processes on the future of work and employment. A critical review of two dominant approaches on whether a future massive technological unemployment will emerge or if, on the contrary, there will be a displacement of workforce to new jobs with digital tasks and qualifications, with winners and losers of digitalization. A first approach is named substitution digitalization, which predicts the inevitability of massive technological unemployment due to disruptions of new digital technologies (and Industry 4.0) in labor and work processes, which will eliminate multiple occupations and their jobs because their automation. A second alternative approach will be named as task digitalization, defending that digitalization does not eliminate complete occupations but rather specific tasks of jobs, pushing the elimination of some jobs and the creation of new jobs that will increase the global employment figures. It will be emphasized that both perspectives coincide in the appearance of losers and winners of digitalization, with a need to intervene in the training and lifelong learning structures for the human factor. Finally, a technological design strategy named integration digitalization will be considered, considering Industry 4.0 as an opportunity to reinforce the collaborative use of new digital technologies with the reskilling of human factor