Publication: La contratación a través de plataformas intermediarias en línea
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Publication Date
2020-10-01
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Abstract
Las plataformas intermediarias en línea se han convertido en protagonistas del desarrollo del mercado digital y generan retos normativos importantes. Las nuevas tecnologías han favorecido nuevas formas de intercambio en las que el operador de la plataforma adopta una posición especial y compleja. El trabajo se centra en el análisis de las plataformas que, siendo prestadores de servicios de la sociedad de la información, actúan como intermediarias (también en sentido material), favoreciendo las transacciones entre los usuarios de la plataforma que pueden ser iguales (peer to peer, P2P, Consumer to Consumer, C2C) o entre empresarios (Business to Business, B2B), o entre empresario y consumidor (Business to Consumer, B2C). Se genera una relación contractual compleja: contrato celebrado por los usuarios con la plataforma que les permite el acceso para poder lograr la interacción y, posteriormente, el contrato celebrado entre los usuarios.
El objeto del presente trabajo es el diagnóstico y propuesta de solución de los problemas que suscita la contratación a través de plataformas intermediarias en línea. Tenemos nuevos operadores que no encajan exactamente en los modelos regulados en la legislación de comercio electrónico lo que plantea problemas para determinar su responsabilidad en las transacciones realizadas por los usuarios a través de las plataformas.
La “horizontalidad” de las relaciones jurídicas entre pares que se producen en un mercado multilateral es la que genera retos normativos. El acervo comunitario en materia de protección de los consumidores está basado en un modelo de distribución en cadena: fabricante, mayorista, minorista y consumidor en una escala vertical. El desequilibrio entre las posiciones de las partes cuando el empresario es proveedor y el adquirente consumidor (B2C), sirvió de justificación para el diseño de un sistema contractual de protección del consumidor, propio de la contratación en masa. La economía de la plataforma deja obsoleto este esquema porque los bienes y servicios se intercambian entre pares y los particulares actúan como proveedores (prosumidores). Y en este caso ¿Cuál es la parte débil que hay que proteger?
En la primera parte del trabajo se analiza el fenómeno de la contratación a través de plataformas intermediarias en línea, tradicionalmente vinculado a la denominada “economía colaborativa”. Después de las necesarias precisiones conceptuales se enumeran las características generales al mismo tiempo que se diagnostican los problemas que esta modalidad de contratación ocasiona. Los sistemas de reputación online y los problemas que ocasionan las reseñas falsas, la fijación de precios personalizados son algunos de los temas tratados.
La segunda parte del trabajo se centra en los problemas que genera la estructura triangular de la contratación a través de plataformas. Se analiza la relación entre los usuarios y el operador de la plataforma, los derechos y obligaciones de las partes, así como los contratos entre los usuarios entre sí en los que el operador de la plataforma no es parte, pero interviene de forma activa. El trabajo concluye con unas propuestas de reforma legales que favorezcan la transparencia en esta modalidad de contratación y aclaren el régimen de responsabilidad del operador de la plataforma.
Online intermediary platforms have become major players in the development of the digital marketplace and raise important regulatory challenges. Technological progress This article focus on the analysis of platforms which are information society service providers and act as intermediaries (also in the material sense) enabling transactions between all kind of platform users: consumers (peer to peer, P2P, Consumer to Consumer, C2C) or entrepreneurs (Business to Business, B2B). A complex contractual relationship is generated: the contract concluded by the users with the platform that allows them access in order to achieve the interaction and, subsequently, the contract concluded between the users. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose and propose solutions to problems arising from contracting through online intermediary platforms. We have new operators who do not exactly fit into the models regulated in e-commerce legislation, which poses problems in determining their responsibility for the transactions carried out by users through the platforms. The "horizontality" of the legal relationships between peers in a multilateral market that creates regulatory challenges. The Community acquis on consumer protection is based on a chain distribution model: manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer on a vertical scale. The imbalance between the positions of the parties when the entrepreneur is a supplier and the purchaser a consumer (B2C), served as a justification for the design of a contractual system of consumer protection, typical of mass contracting. The economics of the platform makes this scheme obsolete because goods and services are exchanged between peers and individuals act as suppliers (prosumers). And in this case, what's the weak part to protect? The first part of the paper analyses the phenomenon of recruitment through online intermediary platforms, traditionally linked to the so-called "collaborative economy". After the necessary conceptual clarifications, the general characteristics are listed, at the same time as the problems that this contracting modality causes are diagnosed. Online reputation systems and the problems caused by false reviews, custom pricing are some of the topics discussed. The second part of the article analyses the problems that the triangular structure of this kind of way of contract. It analyses the relationship between users and the platform operator, the rights and obligations of the parties, as well as contracts between users among themselves to which the platform operator is not a party, but is actively involved. The paper concludes with proposals for legal reform to promote transparency in this type of contract and clarify the liability regime of the platform operator.
Online intermediary platforms have become major players in the development of the digital marketplace and raise important regulatory challenges. Technological progress This article focus on the analysis of platforms which are information society service providers and act as intermediaries (also in the material sense) enabling transactions between all kind of platform users: consumers (peer to peer, P2P, Consumer to Consumer, C2C) or entrepreneurs (Business to Business, B2B). A complex contractual relationship is generated: the contract concluded by the users with the platform that allows them access in order to achieve the interaction and, subsequently, the contract concluded between the users. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose and propose solutions to problems arising from contracting through online intermediary platforms. We have new operators who do not exactly fit into the models regulated in e-commerce legislation, which poses problems in determining their responsibility for the transactions carried out by users through the platforms. The "horizontality" of the legal relationships between peers in a multilateral market that creates regulatory challenges. The Community acquis on consumer protection is based on a chain distribution model: manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer on a vertical scale. The imbalance between the positions of the parties when the entrepreneur is a supplier and the purchaser a consumer (B2C), served as a justification for the design of a contractual system of consumer protection, typical of mass contracting. The economics of the platform makes this scheme obsolete because goods and services are exchanged between peers and individuals act as suppliers (prosumers). And in this case, what's the weak part to protect? The first part of the paper analyses the phenomenon of recruitment through online intermediary platforms, traditionally linked to the so-called "collaborative economy". After the necessary conceptual clarifications, the general characteristics are listed, at the same time as the problems that this contracting modality causes are diagnosed. Online reputation systems and the problems caused by false reviews, custom pricing are some of the topics discussed. The second part of the article analyses the problems that the triangular structure of this kind of way of contract. It analyses the relationship between users and the platform operator, the rights and obligations of the parties, as well as contracts between users among themselves to which the platform operator is not a party, but is actively involved. The paper concludes with proposals for legal reform to promote transparency in this type of contract and clarify the liability regime of the platform operator.