Publication: Mecanismos neurales implicados en la generación de inferencias
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2021-05-28
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Se han propuesto numerosos modelos psicolingüísticos para el estudio de la comprensión lectora. Todos ellos coinciden en la importancia de la generación de inferencias en la misma. De manera general, se divide la generación de inferencias en dos procesos: activación e integración, y se asume que las inferencias se obtienen mediante una combinación de la información contenida en el texto junto con nuestro conocimiento del mundo y experiencia previa. Sin embargo, el debate sobre la caracterización de las mismas aún sigue vigente. La variabilidad de modelos y propuestas teóricas dificulta alcanzar un consenso sobre la clasificación de inferencias. Principalmente dos modelos se encargan de intentar explicar bajo qué condiciones se elaboran estas inferencias y de qué elementos nos servimos para ello: el modelo construccionista y el modelo minimalista. El primero defiende un papel activo del lector en busca de significado. Esta búsqueda de significado la lleva a cabo mediante inferencias estratégicas con las que va creando una representación mental. Este modelo es el único que tiene en cuenta la influencia de aspectos extralingüísticos en la comprensión lectora, como la intencionalidad del lector. Por el contrario, el modelo minimalista establece que el principal objetivo del lector es establecer coherencia local y apunta a niveles de representación mínimos. La generación de inferencias se lleva a cabo principalmente durante la lectura; por este motivo, la técnica de los Potenciales Evento-Relacionados (ERPs) es idónea para su estudio debido a su alta resolución temporal. Objetivos. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral consiste en explorar la posible relación de dos componentes típicos de ERPs en estudios de lenguaje (N400 y P600) con los procesos de activación e integración de las inferencias. Asimismo, estudiaremos las diferencias a nivel neural de varios tipos de inferencia en función del conocimiento del mundo que se activa para cada una de ellas, para intentar establecer una taxonomía de manera objetiva. Por otro lado, intentaremos dilucidar el papel que juegan la información presente en el texto y nuestro conocimiento del mundo en la elaboración de inferencias, así como a cuál de las dos se le otorga más peso en caso de competición. Además, consideraremos el efecto de aspectos extralingüísticos como el estado de ánimo. Los datos arrojados por los cuatro estudios de esta tesis doctoral, además, servirán para comprobar qué modelo (minimalista versus construccionista) se ajusta más a los procesos de generación de inferencias...
Many psycholinguistics models have been proposed to study reading comprehension. All of these models agree that inference generation is a fundamental tool to achieve good comprehension levels. Generally, inference generation is assumed to be divided in two processes: activation and integration, and they are obtained combining the information included in the text and our own previous information and world knowledge. Nevertheless, there is still much to know about inferences and their characterization. The amount of models and theoretical proposals make it hard to reach a quorum about inferences classification. Especially, two models attempted to describe the conditions that encourage inference generation and which elements are helpful for it: the constructionist model and the minimalist model. The first takes the reader as an active agent who is always searching for meaning by creating a mental representation. This model takes into account the importance of extra linguistic aspects, such as the reader intentionality. On the other hand, the minimalist model defends that the main goal when reading is to establish local coherence. Since inference generation is mainly made during reading, the Event Related Potentials technique is perfect to study this process due to its high temporal resolution. Objectives. The main objective of this thesis is to study the activation and integration processes involved in inference generation by exploring two typical ERPs components in language studies (N400 y P600). Another aim is to investigate neural differences of some types of inferences, depending on the information that is activated to generate each of them. In addition, we do not know much about what happens when the information included in the text and our world knowledge are conflicting, so we will try to shed some light to which source of information is preferred by readers in case of competition. Besides, we will consider the effect of extra linguistic aspects such as mood in inferences generation. Finally, our data will be useful to prove which model (constructionist versus minimalist) is more suitable to inference generation processes...
Many psycholinguistics models have been proposed to study reading comprehension. All of these models agree that inference generation is a fundamental tool to achieve good comprehension levels. Generally, inference generation is assumed to be divided in two processes: activation and integration, and they are obtained combining the information included in the text and our own previous information and world knowledge. Nevertheless, there is still much to know about inferences and their characterization. The amount of models and theoretical proposals make it hard to reach a quorum about inferences classification. Especially, two models attempted to describe the conditions that encourage inference generation and which elements are helpful for it: the constructionist model and the minimalist model. The first takes the reader as an active agent who is always searching for meaning by creating a mental representation. This model takes into account the importance of extra linguistic aspects, such as the reader intentionality. On the other hand, the minimalist model defends that the main goal when reading is to establish local coherence. Since inference generation is mainly made during reading, the Event Related Potentials technique is perfect to study this process due to its high temporal resolution. Objectives. The main objective of this thesis is to study the activation and integration processes involved in inference generation by exploring two typical ERPs components in language studies (N400 y P600). Another aim is to investigate neural differences of some types of inferences, depending on the information that is activated to generate each of them. In addition, we do not know much about what happens when the information included in the text and our world knowledge are conflicting, so we will try to shed some light to which source of information is preferred by readers in case of competition. Besides, we will consider the effect of extra linguistic aspects such as mood in inferences generation. Finally, our data will be useful to prove which model (constructionist versus minimalist) is more suitable to inference generation processes...
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, leída el 27/01/2021. Tesis formato europeo (compendio de artículos)