Publication: La neutralidad religiosa del Estado en la República Federal de Alemania
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2021
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Tirant Lo Blanch México
Citations
Exportar
Abstract
El Estado alemán comenzó a ser neutral a partir de la CW (1919). Neutralidad del Estado y libertad religiosa e ideológica de la persona son “dos caras de la misma moneda” que están recíprocamente implicadas. Las escuelas públicas en Alemania son la excepción al principio de neutralidad del Estado. Debido a la importancia de la transmisión de valores en la educación, las escuelas públicas alemanas pueden ser ideológicas y confesionales. El ejercicio individual (positivo o negativo) de la libertad religiosa e ideológica de los ciudadanos exige a los poderes públicos la toma de decisiones en las que, manteniendo su neutralidad, deberán fomentar la tolerancia y el respeto al pluralismo.
Por lo que se refiere a la libertad religiosa colectiva, la historia de las relaciones entre las iglesias protestantes y el Estado no confirma la idea de que la ausencia de pactos con las confesiones expresa mejor la neutralidad del Estado. Más bien al contrario, fue el fin de las iglesias de Estado lo que permitió su independencia respecto del poder civil, y esta mutua autonomía es presupuesto indispensable para la posterior práctica pacticia. Actualmente, la mayor presencia del Islam ha multiplicado los pactos con los poderes públicos, y ha diversificado el régimen jurídico de las confesiones religiosas dentro de cada Estado, adaptándose así a la identidad propia de cada confesión y a su efectiva implantación en cada territorio (no solo hay diferencias entre los distintos Länder; también las hay dentro del mismo Land, según las demarcaciones con mayor afluencia de inmigrantes). El respecto a la autonomía de las confesiones es una consecuencia de la neutralidad del Estado, que no puede inmiscuirse en sus asuntos internos. Esto no significa que las confesiones estén exentas del cumplimiento de las leyes vigentes para todos. Cuando una iglesia o confesión adopta una decisión jurídica que tiene consecuencias fuera de su propio ordenamiento y se sirve del ordenamiento del Estado para adoptarla, entonces la neutralidad del Estado exige que esa medida esté sometida a las leyes vigentes para todos.
The German State began to be neutral from the Constitution of Weimar (1919). Neutrality of the State and religious and ideological freedom of the person are "two sides of the same coin" that are mutually implied. Public schools in Germany are the exception to the principle of state neutrality. Due to the importance of the transmission of values in education, German public schools can be ideological and confessional. The individual exercise (positive or negative) of the religious and ideological freedom of citizens requires public powers to make decisions in which, while maintaining their neutrality, they must promote tolerance and respect for pluralism. As far as collective religious freedom is concerned, the history of relations between Protestant churches and the State does not confirm the idea that the absence of pacts with confessions better expresses the neutrality of the State. Quite the contrary, it was the end of the state churches that allowed their independence from the civil power, and this mutual autonomy is an indispensable presupposition for the subsequent peaceful practice. Currently, the greater presence of Islam has multiplied the pacts with the public powers, and has diversified the legal regime of religious confessions within each State, thus adapting to the identity of each confession and its effective implantation in each territory (not only there are differences between the different Länder; there are also differences within the same Land, according to the demarcations with the greatest influx of immigrants). Respect for the autonomy of confessions is a consequence of the State's neutrality, which cannot interfere in its internal affairs. This does not mean that denominations are exempt from compliance with the laws in force for all. When a church or confession adopts a legal decision that has consequences outside its own system and uses the State system to adopt it, then the neutrality of the State requires that this measure be subject to the laws in force for all.
The German State began to be neutral from the Constitution of Weimar (1919). Neutrality of the State and religious and ideological freedom of the person are "two sides of the same coin" that are mutually implied. Public schools in Germany are the exception to the principle of state neutrality. Due to the importance of the transmission of values in education, German public schools can be ideological and confessional. The individual exercise (positive or negative) of the religious and ideological freedom of citizens requires public powers to make decisions in which, while maintaining their neutrality, they must promote tolerance and respect for pluralism. As far as collective religious freedom is concerned, the history of relations between Protestant churches and the State does not confirm the idea that the absence of pacts with confessions better expresses the neutrality of the State. Quite the contrary, it was the end of the state churches that allowed their independence from the civil power, and this mutual autonomy is an indispensable presupposition for the subsequent peaceful practice. Currently, the greater presence of Islam has multiplied the pacts with the public powers, and has diversified the legal regime of religious confessions within each State, thus adapting to the identity of each confession and its effective implantation in each territory (not only there are differences between the different Länder; there are also differences within the same Land, according to the demarcations with the greatest influx of immigrants). Respect for the autonomy of confessions is a consequence of the State's neutrality, which cannot interfere in its internal affairs. This does not mean that denominations are exempt from compliance with the laws in force for all. When a church or confession adopts a legal decision that has consequences outside its own system and uses the State system to adopt it, then the neutrality of the State requires that this measure be subject to the laws in force for all.