Publication: ¿Es posible la sostenibilidad de las ciudades turistificadas? Los casos de los centros históricos de Madrid y Barcelona
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2021
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Universidade da Coruña
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Abstract
El objetivo del artículo es evidenciar cómo la actual competitividad desarrollada entre las ciudades como resultado de la intensificación de la tendencia neoliberal, conlleva un fuerte impacto sobre la ciudad y concretamente sobre sus centros. En esta, se analiza el incremento de la actividad turística en los centros urbanos y su impacto sociocultural. Se parte de la creación de una determinada imagen diseñada tanto por las administraciones como por los agentes privados y del uso de la cultura como herramienta de atracción e identidad. Los casos de Madrid y Barcelona sirven de ejemplo ilustrativo a este efecto. Ambas urbes son las ciudades españolas de mayor número de turistas recibidos en los últimos años. Se observa internamente cómo los poderes públicos y privados incentivan una imagen de ciudad atractiva para unos usuarios específicos (turistas y nuevos consumidores urbanos) y excluyen o silencian a las clases populares, inmigrantes, mayores, etc. Se finaliza con unas reflexiones sobre la sostenibilidad de las ciudades turísticas, en aras a su gobernanza. La literatura desde la que se aborda el problema recurre al marco del neoliberalismo en las ciudades (Brenner y Theodore, 2003) y la promoción urbana a través de la imagen (Gómez Schiattini et al, 2008; Zukin, 1995; Florida, 2009) y a uno de sus cambios más relevantes, el de la gentrificación (Lees et al., 2008; Smith, 1996; Butler, 1997; Hamnet, 2003) que provoca la expulsión física y simbólica de los antiguos pobladores del centro de las ciudades como espacios revitalizados por excelencia, como señala Sassen (2014). Datos secundarios y entrevistas permiten el análisis cualitativo.
The aim of this paper is to show how interurban competition as a result of the intensification of neoliberalism impacts on cities and city centres. The study focuses on the increase in tourism activity and its cultural impact on urban centres, starting with city branding by councils and private agents and the use of culture as a tool of attraction and identity. The cases of Madrid and Barcelona during the early years of the 21st century (up to the political change in localgovernment in 2015) are a good example of how public and private powers promote an image of the city that is attractive for specific users (tourists and new urban consumers) but excludes or silences the popular classes, immigrants, older people, etc. The study concludes with a series of reflections on governing tourist cities more sustainably. The theoretical framework for the research combines neoliberalism in cities (Brenner and Theodore, 2003), urban promotion through image (Gómez Schiattini et al. 2008; Zukin 1995; Florida 2009) and, most significantly, the process of city centre gentrification as revitalised spaces par excellence (Sassen 2014; Lees et al. 2008; Smith 1996; Butler 1997; Hamnet 2003) that brings with it the physical and symbolic expulsion of its former inhabitants. Qualitative analysis is conducted using secondary data and interviews.
The aim of this paper is to show how interurban competition as a result of the intensification of neoliberalism impacts on cities and city centres. The study focuses on the increase in tourism activity and its cultural impact on urban centres, starting with city branding by councils and private agents and the use of culture as a tool of attraction and identity. The cases of Madrid and Barcelona during the early years of the 21st century (up to the political change in localgovernment in 2015) are a good example of how public and private powers promote an image of the city that is attractive for specific users (tourists and new urban consumers) but excludes or silences the popular classes, immigrants, older people, etc. The study concludes with a series of reflections on governing tourist cities more sustainably. The theoretical framework for the research combines neoliberalism in cities (Brenner and Theodore, 2003), urban promotion through image (Gómez Schiattini et al. 2008; Zukin 1995; Florida 2009) and, most significantly, the process of city centre gentrification as revitalised spaces par excellence (Sassen 2014; Lees et al. 2008; Smith 1996; Butler 1997; Hamnet 2003) that brings with it the physical and symbolic expulsion of its former inhabitants. Qualitative analysis is conducted using secondary data and interviews.