Publication: Distribución y control de la especie invasora Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, plaga del castaño, en España: Comunidades asociadas de parasitoides nativos, y control biológico y evaluación de impacto de la introducción en el medio natural de la especie foránea Torymus sinensis Kamijo
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2022-06-01
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
"Introducción": La avispilla del castaño, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae) es una especie plaga de los castaños por todo el mundo, actuando como una especie exótica invasora y generando pérdidas económicas severas. Esta especie causa que los árboles produzcan menos frutos, que sus ramas se acorten y se deformen, además de un debilitamiento generalizado, mediante la inducción de agallas en altas cantidades. Esta producción de agallas en altas densidades es debido a que D. kuriphilus no posee ninguna especie que regule sus poblaciones de forma directa, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con otras especies nativas de Cynipidae y la fauna parasitoide de la superfamilia Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Para regular las poblaciones de D. kuriphilus y evitar los daños que produce, se ha empleado como agente de control biológico a la especie Torymus sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), introduciéndolo en el medio natural en diferentes países por todo el mundo. La introducción de T. sinensis como controlador biológico de D. kuriphilus ha demostrado ser eficaz para disminuir las poblaciones de esta especie plaga, pero existe una serie de incógnitas acerca de su interacción y efecto negativo con especies nativas, tanto de cinípidos inductores de agallas, como parasitoides. Entre estos efectos negativos se encuentra: a) ataque “no objetivo” a especies nativas de Cynipidae, produciendo el descenso de sus poblaciones; b) competencia con especies de parasitoides nativas que acabe produciendo su desplazamiento; y c) hibridación con otras especies de Torymus nativas. Por lo tanto, la liberación de T. sinensis presenta una serie de incertidumbres asociadas a problemas en conservación de las especies en el medio natural. Además, D. kuriphilus ha generado nuevas comunidades biológicas en los castaños, reclutando especies de parasitoides nativas presentes en los robles. En España, la presencia de D. kuriphilus y la liberación de T. sinensis son recientes, y existen diferentes déficits de conocimiento acerca de la interacción de estas dos especies junto con las especies nativas, lo que genera un marco de estudio a nivel biológico de un problema ambiental con fuertes implicaciones socioeconómicas." Objetivos": La presente tesis doctoral busca generar conocimiento a diferentes niveles acerca del trinomio “D. kuriphilus-T. sinensis-especies nativas”, siendo éstos, biogeografía, ecología y filogenia. Con este conocimiento generado se pretende ayudar a la comprensión y a la gestión de esta plaga y su control biológico, así como indicar y prevenir los posibles daños que pueden generar la introducción de especies foráneas en el medio natural. "Síntesis": A nivel biogeográfico se ha establecido y detallado las distribuciones de D. kuriphilus y de T sinensis en España en el escenario más actual, incluyendo actualizaciones de nuevas zonas colonizadas, así como las zonas de máxima idoneidad para la especie plaga y los posibles escenarios a futuro considerando la dispersión natural de la especie...
“Introduction”: The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a pest species of chestnut trees worldwide, acting as an invasive alien species and causing severe economic losses. This species causes fruit loss to these trees, shortened and deformed branches, as well as a generalised weakening, by inducing galls in high numbers. This galls production at high densities is because D. kuriphilus has no species that directly regulates its populations, unlike other native species of Cynipidae and parasitoid fauna of the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). To regulate D. kuriphilus populations and prevent damage, the species Torymus sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) has been used as a biological control agent and has been introduced into the wild in different countries around the world. The introduction of T. sinensis as a biological control of D. kuriphilus has proven to be effective in reducing populations of this pest species, but there are several unknowns about its interaction and negative effect on native species, both gallinducing cynipids and parasitoids. These negative effects include a) ‘non-target’ attack on native Cynipidae species, leading to population declines; b) competition with native parasitoid species leading to their displacement; and c) hybridization with other native Torymus species. Therefore, the release of T. sinensis presents a few uncertainties associated with species conservation problems in the natural environment. In addition, D. kuriphilus has generated new biological communities in chestnut trees, recruiting native parasitoid species present in oak trees. In Spain, the presence of D. kuriphilus and the release of T. sinensis are recent, and there are different knowledge deficits about the interaction of these two species together with native species, which generates a framework of study at the biological level of an environmental problem with strong socio-economic implications. “Aims”: This PhD thesis seeks to generate knowledge at different levels about the ‘D. kuriphilus-T. sinensis-native species’ trinomial, namely biogeography, ecology, and phylogeny. The aim of this knowledge is to help in the understanding and management of this pest and its biological control, as well as to indicate and prevent the possible damage that may be caused by the introduction of foreign species into the natural environment. “Synthesis”: At the biogeographical level, the distributions of D. kuriphilus and T. sinensis in Spain in the most current scenario have been established and detailed, including updates of new colonised areas, as well as the areas of maximum suitability for this pest species and possible future scenarios considering the natural dispersal of the species. In addition, the different natural introductions of T. sinensis across the French border and their different parasitism rates in different Iberian areas have been studied...
“Introduction”: The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a pest species of chestnut trees worldwide, acting as an invasive alien species and causing severe economic losses. This species causes fruit loss to these trees, shortened and deformed branches, as well as a generalised weakening, by inducing galls in high numbers. This galls production at high densities is because D. kuriphilus has no species that directly regulates its populations, unlike other native species of Cynipidae and parasitoid fauna of the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). To regulate D. kuriphilus populations and prevent damage, the species Torymus sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) has been used as a biological control agent and has been introduced into the wild in different countries around the world. The introduction of T. sinensis as a biological control of D. kuriphilus has proven to be effective in reducing populations of this pest species, but there are several unknowns about its interaction and negative effect on native species, both gallinducing cynipids and parasitoids. These negative effects include a) ‘non-target’ attack on native Cynipidae species, leading to population declines; b) competition with native parasitoid species leading to their displacement; and c) hybridization with other native Torymus species. Therefore, the release of T. sinensis presents a few uncertainties associated with species conservation problems in the natural environment. In addition, D. kuriphilus has generated new biological communities in chestnut trees, recruiting native parasitoid species present in oak trees. In Spain, the presence of D. kuriphilus and the release of T. sinensis are recent, and there are different knowledge deficits about the interaction of these two species together with native species, which generates a framework of study at the biological level of an environmental problem with strong socio-economic implications. “Aims”: This PhD thesis seeks to generate knowledge at different levels about the ‘D. kuriphilus-T. sinensis-native species’ trinomial, namely biogeography, ecology, and phylogeny. The aim of this knowledge is to help in the understanding and management of this pest and its biological control, as well as to indicate and prevent the possible damage that may be caused by the introduction of foreign species into the natural environment. “Synthesis”: At the biogeographical level, the distributions of D. kuriphilus and T. sinensis in Spain in the most current scenario have been established and detailed, including updates of new colonised areas, as well as the areas of maximum suitability for this pest species and possible future scenarios considering the natural dispersal of the species. In addition, the different natural introductions of T. sinensis across the French border and their different parasitism rates in different Iberian areas have been studied...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, leída el 01-04-2022