Publication: Contaminación atmosférica y vulnerabilidad social en la ciudad de Madrid
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2022-05-28
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Abstract
La contaminación atmosférica constituye en la actualidad uno de los mayores problemas ambientales por sus implicaciones en el deterioro de la salud humana, especialmente en ámbitos urbanos. Sin embargo, los niveles de exposición y sus impactos sobre la salud no son homogéneos entre los grupos de población. Diferentes grupos sociales resultan especialmente perjudicados por la mayor presencia de contaminantes atmosféricos en sus entornos residenciales y su mayor vulnerabilidad a éstos en función de su condición socioeconómica. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: por un lado, averiguar si los grupos sociales más vulnerables se encuentran más expuestos a altas concentraciones de distintos contaminantes (NO2, O3, PM10 y PM2,5) en la ciudad de Madrid desde 2017 hasta 2021; y por otro, identificar en que áreas se localizan. Esta investigación se lleva a cabo a través de diferentes análisis de correlación y estadística espacial realizados a partir de modelos de distribución de los contaminantes atmosféricos y datos socioeconómicos. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de correlación negativa entre los niveles de concentración de PM10 y PM2,5 y los niveles de renta. También la correlación positiva entre la mayor presencia de población infantil y extranjera con los niveles de PM10, de población infantil con los niveles de O3 y de población extranjera con los niveles de NO2. Las zonas con mayor presencia de grupos vulnerables expuestos a altas concentraciones de NO2, PM10 y PM2,5 son los distritos sur y sureste de la ciudad. Otros sectores localizados en la periferia sur y norte de la ciudad destacan por la elevada presencia de población infantil expuesta a elevadas concentraciones de O3. De este modo, los hallazgos reflejan la existencia de desigualdades en la exposición a la contaminación del aire según las características socioeconómicas de la población.
Air pollution in urban areas is nowadays one of the greatest environmental problems due to its link with human health deterioration. Nevertheless, exposure levels and its impact on health are not homogeneous amongst population groups, but modulated by a number of factors. Indeed, different social groups are particularly affected by higher concentrations of air pollutants in their places of residence and their greater vulnerability to them according to their socioeconomic status. The aim of this work is twofold: (i) to find out whether the most vulnerable social groups are exposed to higher concentra-tions of different pollutants (NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) in the city of Madrid from 2017 to 2021; and (ii) to identify the areas where they are located. This research is carried out through different correlation and spatial statistical analyses derived from spatial models of atmospheric air pollutants and socioeconomic databases. The results show the existence of a negative correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 concentration levels and income levels. There is also a positive correlation between the greater presence of children and foreigners with PM10 levels, between children and O3 levels, and between foreigners and NO2 levels. The areas with the highest presence of vulnerable groups exposed to highest concentrations of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 are the southern and southeastern districts of the city. Other sectors located in the southern and northern peripheral areas of the city stand out because of the high presence of children exposed to high concentrations of O3. Thus, the findings corroborate the existence of inequalities in air pollution exposure depending on the socioeconomic characteristics of the population.
Air pollution in urban areas is nowadays one of the greatest environmental problems due to its link with human health deterioration. Nevertheless, exposure levels and its impact on health are not homogeneous amongst population groups, but modulated by a number of factors. Indeed, different social groups are particularly affected by higher concentrations of air pollutants in their places of residence and their greater vulnerability to them according to their socioeconomic status. The aim of this work is twofold: (i) to find out whether the most vulnerable social groups are exposed to higher concentra-tions of different pollutants (NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) in the city of Madrid from 2017 to 2021; and (ii) to identify the areas where they are located. This research is carried out through different correlation and spatial statistical analyses derived from spatial models of atmospheric air pollutants and socioeconomic databases. The results show the existence of a negative correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 concentration levels and income levels. There is also a positive correlation between the greater presence of children and foreigners with PM10 levels, between children and O3 levels, and between foreigners and NO2 levels. The areas with the highest presence of vulnerable groups exposed to highest concentrations of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 are the southern and southeastern districts of the city. Other sectors located in the southern and northern peripheral areas of the city stand out because of the high presence of children exposed to high concentrations of O3. Thus, the findings corroborate the existence of inequalities in air pollution exposure depending on the socioeconomic characteristics of the population.