Publication: La habilidad lingüística en el primer ciclo de Educación Primaria en alumnado nacido prematuro extremo
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2022-11-03
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Abstract
La prematuridad tiene una alta tasa de incidencia en los países desarrollados, representando el 75% de la mortalidad perinatal. Aunque los avances prenatales y perinatales de las últimas décadas han permitido reducir su prevalencia, en consecuencia, se ha hecho evidente la presencia de morbilidades y comorbilidades en el desarrollo de estos infantes.
El propósito de esta investigación, de carácter prospectivo y longitudinal, es analizar los componentes del lenguaje (morfología, sintaxis, semántica y pragmática) de 29 menores, nacidos prematuros extremos, en el Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid y que actualmente están en edad escolar obligatoria, para identificar la presencia de posibles dificultades en el lenguaje. Todos los participantes estaban matriculados en Educación Primaria y los componentes del lenguaje se evaluaron a través de la batería BLOC-Screening.
Los resultados evidencian que existen comorbilidades en el componente morfológico en los siguientes elementos: formas irregulares de pasado, formas irregulares de futuro, reflexivos…; en el componente semántico (locativos, cuantificadores, modificadores de tiempo y sucesión…) y en sintaxis (voz pasiva, oraciones comparativas, oraciones subordinadas de causa y condición, y en las temporales [después/antes]…), obteniéndose mejores resultados en el componente pragmático, excepto en aquellas acciones que requieren expresar demandas y solicitar información específica.
Por tanto, el perfil obtenido en lenguaje de los prematuros extremos sugiere la necesidad de intervención logopédica y conlleva la necesidad de hacer propuestas de intervención didáctica en la escuela que mejoren sus habilidades lingüísticas desde un enfoque comunicativo.
Prematurity has a high incidence rate in developed countries, accounting for 75% of perinatal mortality. Although pre- and perinatal advances in recent decades have reduced its prevalence, consequently, the presence of morbidities and comorbidities in the development of these infants has become evident. The purpose of this prospective and longitudinal research is to analyze the language components (morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics) of 29 minors, born extremely premature, at the Hospital Universitario La Paz in Madrid and who are currently of compulsory school age, in order to identify the presence of possible language difficulties. All the participants were enrolled in Primary Education and the language components were assessed using the BLOC-Screening battery. The results show that there are comorbidities in the morphological component in the following elements: irregular forms of the past, irregular forms of the future, reflexive…; in the semantic component (locatives, quantifiers, modifiers of time and succession…) and in syntax (passive voice, comparative clauses, subordinate clauses of cause and condition, and in the temporal ones [after/before]…), obtaining better results in the pragmatic component, except in those actions that require expressing demands and requesting specific information. Therefore, the profile obtained in the language of extremely premature infants suggests the need for speech therapy intervention and entails the need to make proposals for educational intervention at school that improve their language skills from a communicative approach.
Prematurity has a high incidence rate in developed countries, accounting for 75% of perinatal mortality. Although pre- and perinatal advances in recent decades have reduced its prevalence, consequently, the presence of morbidities and comorbidities in the development of these infants has become evident. The purpose of this prospective and longitudinal research is to analyze the language components (morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics) of 29 minors, born extremely premature, at the Hospital Universitario La Paz in Madrid and who are currently of compulsory school age, in order to identify the presence of possible language difficulties. All the participants were enrolled in Primary Education and the language components were assessed using the BLOC-Screening battery. The results show that there are comorbidities in the morphological component in the following elements: irregular forms of the past, irregular forms of the future, reflexive…; in the semantic component (locatives, quantifiers, modifiers of time and succession…) and in syntax (passive voice, comparative clauses, subordinate clauses of cause and condition, and in the temporal ones [after/before]…), obtaining better results in the pragmatic component, except in those actions that require expressing demands and requesting specific information. Therefore, the profile obtained in the language of extremely premature infants suggests the need for speech therapy intervention and entails the need to make proposals for educational intervention at school that improve their language skills from a communicative approach.
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CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2022)
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