Publication: La objeción de conciencia en el Derecho mexicano. Un análisis comparado
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2023-01-23
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La objeción de conciencia es uno de los fenómenos más interesantes y polémicos que se presentan en los Estados modernos. A pesar de que a lo largo del tiempo pueden encontrarse numerosos ejemplos de conflictos entre conciencia y ley, su tratamiento jurídico ha adquirido un cariz distinto desde el reconocimiento de la libertad de pensamiento, de conciencia y de religión como un derecho fundamental previsto tanto en los tratados internacionales, como en la mayoría de las constituciones nacionales occidentales. Ese reconocimiento hoy en día es suficiente para plantear un derecho general prima facie a la objeción de conciencia y situar al objetor de conciencia no como un infractor de una norma, sino como una persona que ejercita su derecho fundamental a la libertad de conciencia. Aun así, la objeción de conciencia no ha sido una figura de fácil asimilación en algunos ecosistemas jurídicos. Este había sido tradicionalmente el caso de México, que desde mediados del siglo XIX consolidó un régimen muy restrictivo de relaciones Iglesia-Estado que, a su vez, derivó en un planteamiento muy limitado del ejercicio de la libertad religiosa de los ciudadanos, relegándola casi exclusivamente a su vertiente interna. Ello tuvo notables repercusiones, todavía latentes en la sociedad mexicana, pues los ciudadanos tenían libertad para creer, pero carecían de espacio para actuar públicamente conforme a dichas creencias. En este entorno, la posibilidad de poder objetar por razones de conciencia era prácticamente nula...
Conscientious objection is one of the most interesting and controversial phenomena that arise in modern states. Although many examples of this conflict can be found over time, their resolution have taken on a different approach since the recognition of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion provided in international treaties and in most Western national constitutions. That inclusion is enough to establish a prima facie right to conscientious objection and to place the conscientious objector as someone who is exercising their human right to freedom of conscience, not as law offender.Nevertheless, conscientious objection has not been well assimilated in some legal ecosystems. This had been the case of Mexico, which had, since the mid-nineteenth century, established a very restrictive system of church-state relations that in turn led to a limited approach to the religious freedom of citizens, relegating it almost exclusively to the forum internum. This had particularly important and still latent repercussions in Mexican society, since citizens were free to believe, but did not have much space to act publicly in accordance with those beliefs. In this environment, the possibility of being able to object for reasons of conscience was limited...
Conscientious objection is one of the most interesting and controversial phenomena that arise in modern states. Although many examples of this conflict can be found over time, their resolution have taken on a different approach since the recognition of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion provided in international treaties and in most Western national constitutions. That inclusion is enough to establish a prima facie right to conscientious objection and to place the conscientious objector as someone who is exercising their human right to freedom of conscience, not as law offender.Nevertheless, conscientious objection has not been well assimilated in some legal ecosystems. This had been the case of Mexico, which had, since the mid-nineteenth century, established a very restrictive system of church-state relations that in turn led to a limited approach to the religious freedom of citizens, relegating it almost exclusively to the forum internum. This had particularly important and still latent repercussions in Mexican society, since citizens were free to believe, but did not have much space to act publicly in accordance with those beliefs. In this environment, the possibility of being able to object for reasons of conscience was limited...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, leída el 22-04-2022