Publication: La catedral de Puebla: historia de su construcción hasta la remodelización neoclásica de José Manzo y Jaramillo
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2015-04-16
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La historia constructiva de la catedral de Puebla en este trabajo se distribuye en tres bloques: de 1575 hasta 1639; de 1640 hasta su consagración en 1649; y desde 1650 hasta la finalización de la torre sur en 1768. La andadura de la catedral poblana va unida a la fundación de la ciudad con un primer edificio comenzado en 1636, llamado catedral vieja. En 1575 se inicia la construcción de una nueva después de desestimarse la reparación y ampliación de la vieja, siendo Francisco Becerra su trazador y maestro mayor, Francisco Gutiérrez el aparejador y Juan de Cigorondo el obrero mayor. Becerra abandonó la obra en 1580, asumiendo la dirección Francisco Gutiérrez de 1582 a 1586. Antonio Ortiz del Castillo será el maestro mayor en dos periodos, con Jerónimo Hernández de aparejador: de 1586 a 1589 y de 1601 a 1614. Entre tanto ejercerá el cargo Luis de Arciniega, hermano del maestro mayor de la catedral de México Claudio de Arciniega. Con Ortiz se levantan los muros perimetrales y se inician los pilares de las naves; hemos documentado la existencia de unas trazas firmadas por él y por el maestro real Juan Gómez de Mora. En 1615 Pedro López Florín continúa a buen ritmo la obra hasta 1626, y después hasta 1633 con trabajos de poca envergadura en la fábrica y sus dependencias anexas. Juan Gómez de Trasmonte, maestro mayor de la catedral de México, dictamina en 1635 sobre el estado de la construcción y redacta unas condiciones para su terminación, elevando la nave central. Las obras se paralizan en el año 1639. En 1640 llega el obispo Juan de Palafox y Mendoza con la misión de acabar la obra y consagrarla, tarea que llevó a cabo en nueve años, aunque sin una completa finalización. Algunos de los maestros más importantes con los que contó Palafox fueron el superintendente Pedro García Ferrer, Agustín Hernández de Solís como encargado de la construcción, primero aparejador y luego maestro mayor, Diego de Cárcamo que finalizó el “ciprés” (tabernáculo), o Lucas Méndez y Melchor Fernández que terminaron el retablo de la capilla de los Reyes. En 1656 el obispo Diego Osorio de Escobar comienza a enmendar todos los fallos y deficiencias resultantes de la rapidísima consagración de Palafox. Acaba la portada del Perdón y su altar, y demuele el enorme sagrario construido frente a la fachada principal por el obrero mayor Andrés de Luey a raíz de la marcha de Palafox. La torre norte la termina en 1678 el maestro mayor Carlos García Durango bajo el obispado de Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, durante el cual también se hacen las portadas laterales de la fachada principal. Junto a Durango trabaja el controvertido Diego de la Sierra, que debería haber sido el sucesor natural de Durango a su muerte en 1685; sin embargo, aun habiendo sido nombrado por el virrey Conde de la Monclova, el cabildo catedralicio se opuso a su ejercicio hasta 1690. Entretanto, el titular del cargo fue Juan de Barahona Guerrero, que acaba la obra del Ochavo según trazas de García Durango. En este tiempo, Cristóbal de Villalpando pinta la bóveda de la capilla de los Reyes. La portada norte se acaba en 1690 sin saberse su artífice, aunque hay autores que la atribuyen a De la Sierra, que construye nuevo sagrario y después su baptisterio en 1698. De la Sierra muere en 1711, y a partir de aquí no habrá ningún maestro mayor. En 1731 se inicia la terminación de la torre sur que acaba Miguel Vallejo en 1768. Manuel Tolsá diseña un nuevo ciprés a finales de siglo que sustituya al de Palafox, terminado por José Manzo y Jaramillo, que también hace una completa remodelación interior de la catedral en un estilo más bien romántico que neoclásico, dadas las fechas en que lo realizó, 1850-1860.
In this work, we have divided the history of Puebla cathedral’s building in three parts: 1) from 1575 to 1639; 2) from 1640 to its consecration in 1649; and 3) from 1650 to the finishing of the south tower in 1768. The course of Puebla cathedral goes with the town’s establishment with a first building started in 1636: the old cathedral. The construction of a new one began in 1575, after dismissing the repair and expansion of the old one, with Francisco Becerra as its designer and master builder, Francisco Gutiérrez as building engineer and Juan de Cigorondo as building supervisor. Becerra gave up the work in 1580, leaving Francisco Gutiérrez as master builder from 1582 to 1586. Antonio Ortiz del Castillo was the master builder during two periods, from 1586 to 1589 and from 1601 to 1614, with Jerónimo Hernández as building engineer. In the meanwhile the position was hold by Luis de Arciniega, brother of Mexico cathedral’s master builder, Claudio de Arciniega. Ortiz raised the perimeter walls and began the nave’s pillars; we have documented a design signed by him and the royal architect Juan Gómez de Mora. Pedro López Florín went on with the work at a good pace from 1615 to 1626, and afterwards to 1633 with minor works in the building and its annexed spaces. In 1635, Mexico cathedral’s master builder, Juan Gómez de Trasmonte, ruled about the building condition and wrote some terms for its conclusion raising the central nave. The works stopped in 1639. Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza arrived in 1640 with the task of finishing the works and consacrate the cathedral, what he achieved in a nine year term, although not completely. Some of the main masters who worked with Palafox were the supervisor Pedro García Ferrer, Agustín Hernández de Solís as building manager, working first as building engineer and afterwards as master builder, Diego de Cárcamo who finished the tabernacle, and Lucas Méndez and Melchor Fernández who ended the altarpiece for the Kings Chapel. Bishop Diego Osorio de Escobar began in 1656 to rectify all the faults and deficiencies resulted from Palafox’ fast consecration. He finished the Forgivness façade and its altar, and demolished the huge sanctuary built by the supervisor Andrés de Luey in front of the main façade after Palafox’ departure. The north tower was finshed in 1678 by the master builder Carlos García Durango under Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz’ bishopric, when were also made the main front’s side façades. Along with Durango worked the controversial Diego de la Sierra, who should have been Durango’s natural successor when he died in 1685; nevertheless, even after having being appointed by viceroy Conde de la Monclova, the cathedral canonry opposed his practice until 1690. In the meanwhile, the position holder was Juan de Barahona Guerrero, who finished the Ochavo according to García Durango’s design. In this same period, Cristóbal de Villalpando painted the Kings chapel’s vault. The north façade was finished in 1690 by an unknown author, although some experts attribute it to De la Sierra, who built a new sanctuary and afterwards, in 1689, its baptistery. De la Sierra died in 1711, and he was the last master builder. In 1731 the works began to finish the south tower, ended by Miguel Vallejo in 1768. At the end of the century Manuel Tolsá designed a new tabernacle what will replace the one built under bishop Palafox, and that was finished by José Manzo y Jaramillo, who also made a whole refurbishing of the cathedral in a more Romantic than Neoclassic style, taking into account the time when he did it, from 1850 to 1860
In this work, we have divided the history of Puebla cathedral’s building in three parts: 1) from 1575 to 1639; 2) from 1640 to its consecration in 1649; and 3) from 1650 to the finishing of the south tower in 1768. The course of Puebla cathedral goes with the town’s establishment with a first building started in 1636: the old cathedral. The construction of a new one began in 1575, after dismissing the repair and expansion of the old one, with Francisco Becerra as its designer and master builder, Francisco Gutiérrez as building engineer and Juan de Cigorondo as building supervisor. Becerra gave up the work in 1580, leaving Francisco Gutiérrez as master builder from 1582 to 1586. Antonio Ortiz del Castillo was the master builder during two periods, from 1586 to 1589 and from 1601 to 1614, with Jerónimo Hernández as building engineer. In the meanwhile the position was hold by Luis de Arciniega, brother of Mexico cathedral’s master builder, Claudio de Arciniega. Ortiz raised the perimeter walls and began the nave’s pillars; we have documented a design signed by him and the royal architect Juan Gómez de Mora. Pedro López Florín went on with the work at a good pace from 1615 to 1626, and afterwards to 1633 with minor works in the building and its annexed spaces. In 1635, Mexico cathedral’s master builder, Juan Gómez de Trasmonte, ruled about the building condition and wrote some terms for its conclusion raising the central nave. The works stopped in 1639. Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza arrived in 1640 with the task of finishing the works and consacrate the cathedral, what he achieved in a nine year term, although not completely. Some of the main masters who worked with Palafox were the supervisor Pedro García Ferrer, Agustín Hernández de Solís as building manager, working first as building engineer and afterwards as master builder, Diego de Cárcamo who finished the tabernacle, and Lucas Méndez and Melchor Fernández who ended the altarpiece for the Kings Chapel. Bishop Diego Osorio de Escobar began in 1656 to rectify all the faults and deficiencies resulted from Palafox’ fast consecration. He finished the Forgivness façade and its altar, and demolished the huge sanctuary built by the supervisor Andrés de Luey in front of the main façade after Palafox’ departure. The north tower was finshed in 1678 by the master builder Carlos García Durango under Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz’ bishopric, when were also made the main front’s side façades. Along with Durango worked the controversial Diego de la Sierra, who should have been Durango’s natural successor when he died in 1685; nevertheless, even after having being appointed by viceroy Conde de la Monclova, the cathedral canonry opposed his practice until 1690. In the meanwhile, the position holder was Juan de Barahona Guerrero, who finished the Ochavo according to García Durango’s design. In this same period, Cristóbal de Villalpando painted the Kings chapel’s vault. The north façade was finished in 1690 by an unknown author, although some experts attribute it to De la Sierra, who built a new sanctuary and afterwards, in 1689, its baptistery. De la Sierra died in 1711, and he was the last master builder. In 1731 the works began to finish the south tower, ended by Miguel Vallejo in 1768. At the end of the century Manuel Tolsá designed a new tabernacle what will replace the one built under bishop Palafox, and that was finished by José Manzo y Jaramillo, who also made a whole refurbishing of the cathedral in a more Romantic than Neoclassic style, taking into account the time when he did it, from 1850 to 1860
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Historia del Arte II, leída el 01-10-2014