Publication: La responsabilidad civil del arquitecto en el derecho de la edificación
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2015-06-25
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La tesis lleva a cabo un análisis omnicomprensivo y profundo de la responsabilidad civil que gravita sobre la figura del arquitecto en su doble posición jurídica y ténica (proyectista y director) dentro del régimen normativo regulador del proceso de la edificación.Es de especial interés -y se ahonda debidamente en este punto- la doble dinámica de responsabilidades vigente y aplicable al arquitecto: la que se regula en el Código civil y la más reciente (y aun en pleno proceso de interpretación jurisprudencial inicial) de la LOE.Siendo un entramado jurídico que sólo ahora empieza a reflejar los cambios introducidos por la LOE, se hace necesario analizar las posibles soluciones a un régimen jurídico -el del Código civil y especialmente el art. 1591- que está abocado a finalizar su vigencia como normativa del proceso edificatorio, pero que debe reubicarse como norma reguladora del arrendamiento de obras o servicios del arquitecto.No obstante, a fin de conseguir la exhaustividad en el análisis de la figura central de la tesis (la responsabilidad civil del arquitecto) se ha enfocado el estudio, no desde la perspectiva de los regímenes jurídicos aplicables (método seguido mayoritariamente por la doctrina), sino desde el plano subjetivo del arquitecto.Se ha consultado y contrastado la doctrina científica más autorizada y reciente en las monografías y tratados que versan sobre esta materia y la referida a la dinámica jurídica del proceso de la edificación. Igualmente se ha analizado la jurisprudencia más relevante: de hecho se incluye en la tesis, como anexo, un cuadro sinóptico con las 412 sentencias consultadas y analizadas en la tesis con el fin es contrastar la plasmación que la doctrina creada en torno a la responsabilidad civil del arquitecto tiene en la práctica jurídica por los que se han seleccionado aquellas referidas o relacionadas directamente con el objeto de estudio.A las sentencias se le une el estudio de doctrina administrativa establecida por la Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado en varias resoluciones relacionadas con la materia de estudio y su vertiente registral, como muestra de la doctrina administrativa pertinente.El arquitecto ocupa una posición única dentro del entramado edificatorio y la tesis expone de forma clara la evolución doctrinal y juresprudencial que se ha creado en torno a su profesión y sobre su ubicación dentro del oneroso proceso edificatorio.Así, la tesis establece un análisis de la responsabilidad civil distinguiendo la escisión legal y fáctica que hay entre la figura del arquitecto proyectista y el arquitecto director de obra. Sin dejar de abordar la cobertura jurídica que asiste a los adquirientes y usuarios de edificios, se mantiene como punto central dele studio la dinámica jurídica que converge en la posición del arquitecto, dentro de su doble papel de proyectista y director de la obra, evitando centrar el estudio en la cobertura de los intereses de los adquirientes y usuarios de edificaciones, que -sin dudar de su indudable interés doctrinal- no es el objeto de la tesis.La tesis está estructurada de la forma más adecuada a su objetivo principal: analizar todos los elementos que conforman la responsabilidad civil del arquitecto. La primera parte, denominada Parte General, analiza el marco jurídico regulador de la responsabilidades legales y contractuales del arquitecto. La segunda parte desglosa el análisis de la responsabilidad del arquitecto proyectista. La tercera parte procede con la misma metodología pero respecto al arquitecto director de obra: resulta especialmente interesante el carácter predominante que la LOE ha adjudicado a esta figura en el plano de la responsabilidad civil sobre el arquitecto proyectista. Finalmente, en la cuarta parte, se estudian y analizan los sistemas de limitación y exoneración de responsabilidad que afectan al arquitecto de manera específica.
A thorough, inclusive and dynamic analysis of liabilities that holds the architect in the current regulatory framework of the building process in Spain is the aim of this thesis; an encompassing study of all his legal and contractual liabilities, which legal background has one noteworthy point: the double liability system applicable to the architect. One of them is set in the Civil Code configuring the contractual environment between building professionals. The other is in the Law for the Regulation of the Building Process (LOE) that establishes the responsibilities and attributions inside the building process, and facing the purchasers. Also, the ancient system of the Civil code remains as a provisional legal regime to settle those liabilities, applicable to buildings whose work license was obtained before may 2000. Therefore it is investigated in depth this point. Contrary to what might seem, the total don't become over twenty precepts. To achieve completeness in the analysis of the central figure of the thesis (the civil responsibility of the architect) this work has focused the study, not from the perspective of the legal regimes applicable (method used mostly by the doctrine) but from the subjective point of the architect. Thus, this work provides an analysis of civil liability distinguishing the legal and factual gap between the figure of the architect as project designer, and the architect as construction director, the two positions that this professional may hold, according to the law. It’s not the central focus of this study the legal coverage on purchasers and users of buildings, but the legal dynamics that converge at the position of the architect (in its dual role of designer and director) and at it is maintained along this research. To achieve this, the thesis structure is given in the most appropriate way to analyze the elements of the liability of the architect, being divided into four parts, related between them, but fully each autonomous at the same time: The first part ("General Part") analyzes the legal framework governing the legal and contractual responsibilities and liabilities of the architect and the legal background of the construction process, in which it is located, as a project designer and as a construction director; the most important milestones in the regulatory evolution and then the existing legal framework, its origin, nature and scope is exposed. The analysis of this part is completed by a study of the regulation in thirteen European states on this issue. The second part, entitled "Liability of the architect as project designer" deepens in the location of this figure in the legal and contractual building framework and their contractual linkages. The third part comes with the same methodology but about the "architect as construction director" is particularly interesting on behalf of the predominant character that the LOE has awarded to this figure in terms of civil liability, overtaken only by the promoter figure. It deepens, as the second part, on the contractual and tort liability, and the objective and subjective liability. The fourth part studies the legal system and liability limitations, affecting to the architect: warranty and liabilities deadlines, insurance instruments, and other legal figures. Throughout the drafting and preparation of this study, has conducted an extensive inquiry and study of monographs on civil liability in construction. As annex, it’s included in the thesis a large table listing and summarized 411 court rulings, consulted, analyzed and commented along this academic research, issued by the First Circuit of the Spanish Supreme Court. Along with that, a study of administrative doctrine established by the Directorate General of Registries and Notaries (DGRN) in several resolutions related to the subject matter is included.
A thorough, inclusive and dynamic analysis of liabilities that holds the architect in the current regulatory framework of the building process in Spain is the aim of this thesis; an encompassing study of all his legal and contractual liabilities, which legal background has one noteworthy point: the double liability system applicable to the architect. One of them is set in the Civil Code configuring the contractual environment between building professionals. The other is in the Law for the Regulation of the Building Process (LOE) that establishes the responsibilities and attributions inside the building process, and facing the purchasers. Also, the ancient system of the Civil code remains as a provisional legal regime to settle those liabilities, applicable to buildings whose work license was obtained before may 2000. Therefore it is investigated in depth this point. Contrary to what might seem, the total don't become over twenty precepts. To achieve completeness in the analysis of the central figure of the thesis (the civil responsibility of the architect) this work has focused the study, not from the perspective of the legal regimes applicable (method used mostly by the doctrine) but from the subjective point of the architect. Thus, this work provides an analysis of civil liability distinguishing the legal and factual gap between the figure of the architect as project designer, and the architect as construction director, the two positions that this professional may hold, according to the law. It’s not the central focus of this study the legal coverage on purchasers and users of buildings, but the legal dynamics that converge at the position of the architect (in its dual role of designer and director) and at it is maintained along this research. To achieve this, the thesis structure is given in the most appropriate way to analyze the elements of the liability of the architect, being divided into four parts, related between them, but fully each autonomous at the same time: The first part ("General Part") analyzes the legal framework governing the legal and contractual responsibilities and liabilities of the architect and the legal background of the construction process, in which it is located, as a project designer and as a construction director; the most important milestones in the regulatory evolution and then the existing legal framework, its origin, nature and scope is exposed. The analysis of this part is completed by a study of the regulation in thirteen European states on this issue. The second part, entitled "Liability of the architect as project designer" deepens in the location of this figure in the legal and contractual building framework and their contractual linkages. The third part comes with the same methodology but about the "architect as construction director" is particularly interesting on behalf of the predominant character that the LOE has awarded to this figure in terms of civil liability, overtaken only by the promoter figure. It deepens, as the second part, on the contractual and tort liability, and the objective and subjective liability. The fourth part studies the legal system and liability limitations, affecting to the architect: warranty and liabilities deadlines, insurance instruments, and other legal figures. Throughout the drafting and preparation of this study, has conducted an extensive inquiry and study of monographs on civil liability in construction. As annex, it’s included in the thesis a large table listing and summarized 411 court rulings, consulted, analyzed and commented along this academic research, issued by the First Circuit of the Spanish Supreme Court. Along with that, a study of administrative doctrine established by the Directorate General of Registries and Notaries (DGRN) in several resolutions related to the subject matter is included.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Civil, leída el 10-04-2015