Publication: Juventud, emancipación residencial y sistema de provisión de vivienda: las divergencias autonómicas del modelo español
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2016-02-08
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
En un momento de profunda transformación, en el que los jóvenes constituyen uno de los colectivos más afectados por los efectos de la crisis, el análisis de la emancipación y la consecución de un proyecto de vida autónomo, se convierte en objeto de estudio prioritario. El propio interés en el conocimiento de la situación económica, social y residencial de la juventud española, junto a la constatación de que la transición a la vida adulta conforma una realidad social problemática, ha llevado a la realización del presente trabajo. La actual coyuntura en nuestro país está agravando la inestabilidad y precariedad económica de los jóvenes, característica endémica y persistente de este colectivo desde hace décadas. Esta situación genera numerosas incertidumbres e inseguridades respecto al futuro: qué estudiar y hasta cuándo, qué profesión escoger, dónde residir y bajo qué formas, etc.; hitos fundamentales en el tránsito de la juventud a la etapa adulta y que tienen lugar en contextos determinados. De todos estos hitos, aquel que ha centrado todos los esfuerzos en esta investigación tiene que ver con el momento del abandono del joven del hogar familiar y la constitución de uno propio en una vivienda independiente, esto es, con el fenómeno de la emancipación residencial. Como proceso complejo, está constituido por una serie de comportamientos residenciales: momento e intensidad de la emancipación, modos de convivencia o tipos de hogar, régimen de tenencia escogido por los jóvenes emancipados y condiciones de acceso a la vivienda. Desde un punto de vista analítico, la emancipación residencial en nuestro país no depende únicamente de recursos individuales, de la situación socioeconómica y de las características del mercado laboral, sino que se explica además por un Sistema de Provisión de Vivienda que puede favorecer o inhibir tal proceso y tales comportamientos residenciales y ante el cual se desarrollan una serie de estrategias, como es retrasar la salida del hogar familiar. Recurriendo a diversas fuentes de información, en la tesis se analiza las tendencias de las pautas emancipatorias en España antes y después de la crisis, así como las características del contexto residencial (los elementos económicos y políticos del sistema de provisión de vivienda), partiendo de la hipótesis de que, si bien la crisis está aumentando la precariedad residencial de este grupo y la dificultad con la que se accede a una vivienda, la situación de partida era lo suficientemente desfavorable para que se produzcan cambios de tendencias significativos. Los resultados manifiestan, por un lado, que la crisis ha tenido consecuencias en la emancipación revirtiendo el proceso de ligero aumento de la tasa de emancipación residencial que estaba experimentado el colectivo juvenil hasta 2008. Esta realidad afecta desigualmente 18 al colectivo analizado, agudizándose entre los más jóvenes y los peores posicionados en la estructura social. Pero por otro lado, lo reducido de estas variaciones pone de manifiesto que las dinámicas emancipatorias son similares a las de los años anteriores a la crisis, sin haberse producido cambios tan acuciantes en las trayectorias residenciales como cabría esperar en un contexto socioeconómico como el actual. Esto se debe, en parte, a que las biografías de los jóvenes ya venían marcadas por un contexto residencial desfavorable caracterizado por un predominio de la vivienda libre en propiedad, elevados precios y la casi inexistencia de un sector de alquiler social. Más allá de la especificidad de este modelo y de la posición que ocupa España en el contexto europeo, la presente investigación constata la existencia de heterogeneidad interna, argumentando y mostrando empíricamente que los distintos sistemas de provisión de vivienda, desde una perspectiva autonómica comparada, están incidiendo en el proceso de emancipación residencial. El trabajo se completa con un capítulo de conclusiones que pretenden ofrecer un escenario para el debate en torno a los fenómenos analizados y un conjunto de orientaciones para estimular una accesibilidad más temprana y más fácil de los jóvenes a la vivienda y para contribuir, en definitiva, a mejorar el conjunto de oportunidades vitales de los jóvenes.
Young people constitute one of the social groups that are being more affected by the crisis consequences. Analysing emancipation and the attainment of an autonomous life project become an imperative object of study within a social context of deep transformations. This research is been promoted by the interest on the economic, social and residential situation of the Spanish youth and the confirmation that transitioning into an adult life is a problematic social reality. The current context in Spain is enhancing young people’s economical instability and precariousness, which became and endemic and persistent characteristic of this social group few decades ago. This situation provokes several uncertainties and insecurities regarding the future: what to study and how long for, what career to choose, where and how to live, etc; fundamental milestones of the transitional period between youth and adult life that take place in specific contexts. Among these milestones, this research has focused on one: the moment in which the young abandons the family home and sets up his own in an independent dwelling. This is, the residential emancipation phenomenon. 19 As a complex process, residential emancipation is constituted by different residential behaviours: time and intensity of emancipation, household composition in the new dwelling, tenure regime and housing access conditions. From an analytical point of view, residential emancipation in our country does not only depend on individual resources, socioeconomic situation or labour market characteristics. It also depends on housing system,that can benefit or inhibit that process and causes the development of some strategies, as the family home abandonment delay. By using different sources, this thesis analyses the tendencies in residential emancipation patterns in Spain after and before the crisis. It also analyses the residential context characteristics (economic and political elements of the housing system) based on the assumption that, although the crisis is enhancing residential precariousness among this group and increasing the difficulties for housing access, the starting point was too unfavourable to produce big changes and transformations in residential emancipation patterns. Results show, on the one hand, that the crisis has affected emancipation reverting the slight increase of residential emancipation rate registered until 2008. These consequences affect unequally the group analysed, being stronger among the youngest and worst positioned in the social structure. But, on the other hand, the low intensity of these variations evidences that emancipation dynamics are similar to the ones registered before the crisis. There have not been produced changes in residential trajectories as deep as they could be expected in a context of crisis like the current one. Beyond the specificity of the Spanish model and its position in the European context, this research evidences the internal disparities through an empirical argument: the different housing systems, from a regional comparative viewpoint, have an influence in the residential emancipation process. This research ends with a conclusions chapter that aims to offer a debate scenario around the phenomena analysed and to generate a series of guidelines to stimulate a earlier and easier housing access to the youth and, in summary, to improve the young life options.
Young people constitute one of the social groups that are being more affected by the crisis consequences. Analysing emancipation and the attainment of an autonomous life project become an imperative object of study within a social context of deep transformations. This research is been promoted by the interest on the economic, social and residential situation of the Spanish youth and the confirmation that transitioning into an adult life is a problematic social reality. The current context in Spain is enhancing young people’s economical instability and precariousness, which became and endemic and persistent characteristic of this social group few decades ago. This situation provokes several uncertainties and insecurities regarding the future: what to study and how long for, what career to choose, where and how to live, etc; fundamental milestones of the transitional period between youth and adult life that take place in specific contexts. Among these milestones, this research has focused on one: the moment in which the young abandons the family home and sets up his own in an independent dwelling. This is, the residential emancipation phenomenon. 19 As a complex process, residential emancipation is constituted by different residential behaviours: time and intensity of emancipation, household composition in the new dwelling, tenure regime and housing access conditions. From an analytical point of view, residential emancipation in our country does not only depend on individual resources, socioeconomic situation or labour market characteristics. It also depends on housing system,that can benefit or inhibit that process and causes the development of some strategies, as the family home abandonment delay. By using different sources, this thesis analyses the tendencies in residential emancipation patterns in Spain after and before the crisis. It also analyses the residential context characteristics (economic and political elements of the housing system) based on the assumption that, although the crisis is enhancing residential precariousness among this group and increasing the difficulties for housing access, the starting point was too unfavourable to produce big changes and transformations in residential emancipation patterns. Results show, on the one hand, that the crisis has affected emancipation reverting the slight increase of residential emancipation rate registered until 2008. These consequences affect unequally the group analysed, being stronger among the youngest and worst positioned in the social structure. But, on the other hand, the low intensity of these variations evidences that emancipation dynamics are similar to the ones registered before the crisis. There have not been produced changes in residential trajectories as deep as they could be expected in a context of crisis like the current one. Beyond the specificity of the Spanish model and its position in the European context, this research evidences the internal disparities through an empirical argument: the different housing systems, from a regional comparative viewpoint, have an influence in the residential emancipation process. This research ends with a conclusions chapter that aims to offer a debate scenario around the phenomena analysed and to generate a series of guidelines to stimulate a earlier and easier housing access to the youth and, in summary, to improve the young life options.
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Sociología II (Ecología Humana y Población), leída el 21-01-2016