Publication: Aceites esenciales en el género "Rosmarinus L." de la Península Ibérica
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2016-03-14
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
En la presente tesis doctoral se realizó un estudio de la fenología del aceite esencial de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Labiatae) de la provincia de Madrid para conocer sus variaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas y su relación con factores bióticos o abióticos. Se estudiaron tres poblaciones: silvestre, cultivada y asilvestrada. Esta última se dividió en dos lotes que fueron sometidos a dos tratamientos post-recolección diferentes (congelación y secado) para estudiar las diferencias entre ambos procesos. En cada población se recolectaron muestras de tres individuos durante 13 meses consecutivos. Se realizó un estudio preliminar comparativo de la composición química de la esencia de las especies ibéricas del género Rosmarinus: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rosmarinus eriocalix Jord. & Fourr. y Rosmarinus tomentosus Hub.-Mor. & Maire, como una aproximación al estudio quimiosistemático del género. Para ello, se recolectaron muestras de las tres especies en el sureste peninsular en junio y septiembre, así como de ejemplares cultivados en el Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid-(CSIC). En todos los casos, la extracción del aceite esencial se hizo por hidrodestilación en corriente de vapor. Las muestras se conservaron en viales cerrados en el congelador para evitar cambios en su composición química hasta su análisis mediante cromatografía de gases (CG) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG/EM). Los compuestos se identificaron utilizando los índices de retención, la bibliografía y los patrones de fragmentación del espectro de masas y comparándolos con los patrones. Los resultados mostraron mayor abundancia de monoterpenos que de sesquiterpenos en todos los casos. α-Pineno, β-mirceno, 1,8-cineol, terpinoleno, borneol, acetato de bornilo, alcanfor y (E)-cariofileno fueron los compuestos más representativos. Las variaciones del aceite esencial de R. officinalis encontradas a lo largo del ciclo fenológico pueden ser debidas a reacciones a las condiciones climáticas. El tratamiento post-recolección afectó a la riqueza de la composición del aceite, que disminuyó con el secado porque se evaporaron más compuestos volátiles. En las poblaciones silvestres y asilvestradas del género Rosmarinus fueron más importantes las rutas metabólicas que dan compuestos defensivos y/o volátiles, por ejemplo 1,8-cineol o borneol. Las poblaciones de R. officinalis creciendo en condiciones más xéricas presentaron abietadieno como protector frente al estrés oxidativo producido por la falta de agua. Se encontraron diferencias cuantitativas entre las tres especies, destacando una gran cantidad de acetato de bornilo en R. tomentosus. No se identificó ningún componente que caracterizase a una especie frente a las otras; para ello, sería necesario un muestreo y posterior análisis más exhaustivo de las tres especies
The aim of this PhD thesis is the study of the phenological variations of the essential oil of three Rosmarinus officinalis L. populations growing in Madrid province (Spain) during 13 consecutive months: aerial parts of wild, cultivated and semi-wild populations were harvested each month in order to know their qualitative and quantitative differences and the relationship with biotic and abiotic factors. Plus, semi-wild population was divided into two batches submitted to two different dry methods: freezing and air-dried at room temperature, in order to observe differences in the essential oil composition. Aerial parts of Rosmarinus eriocalix Jord. & Fourr., R. tomentosus Hub.-Mor. & Maire and R. officinalis growing in the southeast of Spain, and three samples of each specie cultivated in the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid (CSIC) were analyzed as an screening of a chemosystematic study of the three species growing in the Iberian Peninsula. Essentials oils were obtained by steam hydrodistillation and stored in sealed vials in refrigerator in order to prevent changes in chemical composition. The chemical composition was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The components of the essentials oils were identified by comparison to recorded mass spectra with those of a computer library, by comparison to their retention indices and bibliography. Our results showed that monoterpenes were more abundant than sesquiterpenes. The main components were α-pinene, β-myrcene, terpinolene, borneol, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineole and camphor and the sesquiterpene (E)-caryophyllene. R. officinalis essential oil variations during phenological cycle could be due to responses to climatic variations. Post-harvest treatment affected essential oil composition, decreasing the number of compounds in air dried samples because of the evaporation of the most volatiles compounds. In the studied Rosmarinus populations, the predominant metabolic routes are those implied in defensive and volatile compounds such as 1,8-cineole. An antioxidant compound, abietadiene, was found in the driest locations of R. officinalis and it is probably used by the plant to prevent the oxidative stress due to the drought conditions. Quantitative differences were found between the three Rosmarinus species. High amounts of bornyl acetate were found in R. tomentosus. Nevertheless, the three species cannot be separated because any differential compound and further studies will be needed to clarify it.
The aim of this PhD thesis is the study of the phenological variations of the essential oil of three Rosmarinus officinalis L. populations growing in Madrid province (Spain) during 13 consecutive months: aerial parts of wild, cultivated and semi-wild populations were harvested each month in order to know their qualitative and quantitative differences and the relationship with biotic and abiotic factors. Plus, semi-wild population was divided into two batches submitted to two different dry methods: freezing and air-dried at room temperature, in order to observe differences in the essential oil composition. Aerial parts of Rosmarinus eriocalix Jord. & Fourr., R. tomentosus Hub.-Mor. & Maire and R. officinalis growing in the southeast of Spain, and three samples of each specie cultivated in the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid (CSIC) were analyzed as an screening of a chemosystematic study of the three species growing in the Iberian Peninsula. Essentials oils were obtained by steam hydrodistillation and stored in sealed vials in refrigerator in order to prevent changes in chemical composition. The chemical composition was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The components of the essentials oils were identified by comparison to recorded mass spectra with those of a computer library, by comparison to their retention indices and bibliography. Our results showed that monoterpenes were more abundant than sesquiterpenes. The main components were α-pinene, β-myrcene, terpinolene, borneol, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineole and camphor and the sesquiterpene (E)-caryophyllene. R. officinalis essential oil variations during phenological cycle could be due to responses to climatic variations. Post-harvest treatment affected essential oil composition, decreasing the number of compounds in air dried samples because of the evaporation of the most volatiles compounds. In the studied Rosmarinus populations, the predominant metabolic routes are those implied in defensive and volatile compounds such as 1,8-cineole. An antioxidant compound, abietadiene, was found in the driest locations of R. officinalis and it is probably used by the plant to prevent the oxidative stress due to the drought conditions. Quantitative differences were found between the three Rosmarinus species. High amounts of bornyl acetate were found in R. tomentosus. Nevertheless, the three species cannot be separated because any differential compound and further studies will be needed to clarify it.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Vegetal I, leída el 15-01-2016